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BIO100 > Topic 4a - Cellular reproduction > Flashcards

Topic 4a - Cellular reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotic cells divide how?

A

binary fission

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2
Q

Define gene.

A

sections of DNA that code for one product (protein)

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3
Q

Define chromatin.

A

uncondensed DNA - typical form in the cell

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4
Q

Define chromosome

A

Condensed form of DNA - easily divided evenly

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5
Q

Place in order from DNA double helix to chromosome…

A

DNA double helix -> DNA wound around histone proteins -> coiled DNA/histone beads -> coiled & looped DNA attached to protein scaffold -> folded chromosome

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6
Q

Ends of chromosomes are called…?

A

telomeres -

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7
Q

Centre of chromosome…?

A

centromere - links sister chromatids

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8
Q

How many chromosomes in a male?

A

23 (22 + X&Y)

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9
Q

In mitosis, what are the stages of interphase? Briefly describe each stage…

A

G1: cell growth & differentiation
S: synthesis of DNA; chromosomal duplication
G2: cell growth & preparation for cell division

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10
Q

What are the phases of mitotic cell division…?

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase & cytokinesis

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11
Q

Describe the events in early & late prophase…

A

Early prophase - chromosomes condense; spindles begin to form; nuclear membrane begins to disappear
Late prophase - centrioles move to opposite poles; spindle microtubules attach to centromeres forming kinetochores; nucleolus & nucleus have almost disappeared

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12
Q

Describe the events in metaphase…

A

chromosomes & their centromeres attached to spindle fibres are lined up in the middle of the cell

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13
Q

Describe the events in early & late anaphase…

A

Early anaphase - centromeres split; half of the chromosomes move to one pole, half to the other pole
Late anaphase - chromosomes almost at respective poles; cell membrane begins to pinch at the center

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14
Q

Describe the events in telophase…

A

cell membrane completes constriction; chromosomes extend; nuclear envelope begins re-forming

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15
Q

Describe cytokinesis…

A

cytoplasm divides; parent cell becomes 2 daughter cells (diploid) with identical genetic information

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16
Q

Where are the 3 check points in cell division?

A

G1 -> S: is DNA intact & suitable for replication?
G2 -> M: DNA completely & accurately replicated?
metaphase -> anaphase: are all chromosomes attached to the spindle & aligned at the equator?

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17
Q

In cell differentiation, what are the 3 types of cells…? Give examples of each…

A

stem cells - give rise to other stem cells & other types of cells eg. stem to stem, & stem to neuron
other cells capable of dividing - give rise to only the same type of cell
fully differentiated cells - incapable of dividing eg. neuron cannot divide

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18
Q

Define haploid

A

n chromosomes

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19
Q

Define diploid

A

two complete sets of every gene (chromosomes) 2n chromosomes

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20
Q

Define allele. Give example

A

alternate forms of the same gene

eg. eye colour (brown or blue) both alleles code for ‘eye colour’

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21
Q

T or F - homologous chromosomes can have different alleles?

A

true

22
Q

Define sexual reproduction

A

combining genetic material from two organisms (same species)

23
Q

If offspring contain genetic material from two parents, how do we avoid repeated doubling of genetic material each generation?

A

fusion of gametes (each containing n chromosomes)

24
Q

Parental cells contain how many sets of chromosomes? (diploid or haploid?)

A

2n (diploid)

25
Q

Gametes are diploid or haploid?

A

n (haploid)

26
Q

Fertilised egg is diploid or haploid?

A

2n (diploid)

27
Q

From 2n chromosomes, mitosis produces how many chromosomes?

A

2n

28
Q

Somatic cells (non-sex cells) are…?

A

diploid

29
Q

Sex cells are…?

A

haploid

30
Q

What happens in prophase I of meiosis?

A

crossing over

31
Q

What happens at metaphase I of meiosis?

A

homologue chromosomes align in the center of the cell

32
Q

What are the sections of crossing over called?

A

chiasmata

33
Q

What happens at anaphase I of meiosis?

A

mitotic spindles pull homologous chromosomes to opposite poles

34
Q

Analogous to mitosis is…?

A

meiosis II

35
Q

What are the sources of genetic variability?

A
  • random shuffling of homologous chromosomes (2^23 = >8 million combinations)
  • crossing over
  • fusion of gametes (8 million x 8 million = 64 trillion unique combinations)
36
Q

Haploid life cycle occurs in…?

A

protists, algae, fungi

37
Q

Diploid life cycle occurs in…?

A

animals

38
Q

Alternation of generations occurs in…?

A

plants

39
Q

Define locus/loci…

A

specific position of a gene or DNA sequence on a chromosome

40
Q

Define mutation…

A

stable & inheritable change in nucleotide sequence

41
Q

Define homologous…

A

set of 1 maternal & 1 paternal chromosome that pair up inside a cell during meiosis

42
Q

Define telomere…

A

repetitive nucleotide sequences at each end of a chromatid - protects chromosome from deterioration or fusion with other chromosomes

43
Q

Define chromatid…

A

one copy of a duplicated chromosome joined by a centromere

44
Q

Define karyotype…

A

complete set of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

45
Q

Define autosome…

A

a chromosome that is NOT a sex chromosome

46
Q

Define sex chromosome…

A

allosome - haploid

47
Q

Define centriole…

A

organise mitotic spindles

completion of cytokinesis

48
Q

Define kinetochore…

A

protein structure on chromatids where spindle fibres attach during cell division to pull sister chromatids apart

49
Q

Define mitosis…

A

cell division into two genetically identical daughter cells

50
Q

Define meiosis…

A

cell division necessary for reproduction in eukaryotes such a animals, plants, and fungi.

51
Q

Define synapsis…

A

the pairing of two homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis

BIO100 (25 decks)

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