212: Treatment of Varicose Veins Flashcards
(230 cards)
1
Q
What are the common treatments for telangiectasias and reticular veins?
A
Sclerotherapy and long-pulsed vascular lasers.
2
Q
What is the role of the deep venous system in venous return from the leg?
A
The deep venous system lies beneath muscular fascia, acts as a conduit for approximately 90% of venous return from the leg, and regulates blood flow through the alternate contraction-relaxation of calf muscles.
3
Q
What are the three compartments of the venous system in the lower extremities?
A
The venous system is divided into three compartments: superficial veins, deep veins, and perforating veins.
4
Q
How does calf muscle contraction affect deep venous blood flow?
A
Calf muscle contraction increases pressure in the deep compartment (up to 250 mm Hg), propels blood through the deep system in a proximal direction with an ejection fraction of 65%, and closes valves of deep and perforating veins to prevent retrograde blood flow.
5
Q
What is the significance of the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ) in venous anatomy?
A
The SFJ is formed by the Great Saphenous Vein (GSV) draining into the common femoral vein and plays a crucial role in the venous return from the lower extremities.
6
Q
How does chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) impact socioeconomic factors?
A
CVI leads to high socioeconomic costs, including decreased quality of life and millions of work days lost per year in the US and Western Europe.
7
Q
What anatomical structures contribute to the calf muscle pump?
A
The gastrocnemius and sural veins are critical members of the calf muscle pump, directly emptying venous sinuses within the belly of calf muscles.
8
Q
What is the significance of the saphenopopliteal junction in venous anatomy?
A
The saphenopopliteal junction is significant because the Small Saphenous Vein (SSV) may drain into the popliteal vein at this point, playing a role in the drainage of blood from the lower extremities.
9
Q
What is the primary function of the deep venous system?
A
The primary function of the deep venous system is to act as a conduit for approximately 90% of venous return from the leg, facilitating efficient blood flow back to the heart.
10
Q
How does the deep venous system begin in the foot?
A
The deep venous system begins in the foot with digital and metatarsal veins draining into the Deep Plantar Venous Arch or Pedal Vein, which then drains into the posterior and anterior tibial veins at the ankle.
11
Q
What is the clinical significance of understanding venous anatomy and physiology in treating venous disease?
A
Understanding venous anatomy and physiology is crucial for diagnosing venous disease, selecting appropriate treatment methods, utilizing sclerosing solutions effectively, and implementing proper post-treatment compression.
12
Q
What is the relationship between the deep femoral vein and the popliteal vein?
A
The deep femoral vein regularly communicates with the popliteal vein directly (38%) or via a tributary (48%).
13
Q
What is the role of one-way valves in the venous system?
A
One-way valves in the venous system ensure unidirectional blood flow against gravity, directing blood toward the heart.
14
Q
What are the treatment options for varicose veins?
A
Treatment options for varicose veins include sclerotherapy (with duplex ultrasound guidance), ambulatory phlebectomy, and endovenous thermal ablation.
15
Q
What is the impact of varicose veins on quality of life?
A
Varicose veins can significantly impact quality of life due to physical discomfort, cosmetic concerns, and socioeconomic costs associated with treatment and lost work days.
16
Q
How does the deep venous system prevent retrograde blood flow?
A
The deep venous system prevents retrograde blood flow through high pressure during calf muscle contraction that closes valves of deep and perforating veins.
17
Q
What is the anatomical pathway of the popliteal vein?
A
The popliteal vein becomes the femoral vein at the upper margin of the popliteal fossa and courses through the adductor canal in the middle third of the anteromedial thigh.
18
Q
What is the significance of the Great Saphenous Vein (GSV) in venous drainage?
A
The GSV drains into the common femoral vein, forming the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ), and plays a major role in the venous drainage of the lower extremities.
19
Q
What factors contribute to the development of chronic venous disease (CVD)?
A
Factors contributing to the development of CVD include age, pregnancy, and family history of varicose leg veins.
20
Q
What is the physiological mechanism behind deep venous blood flow regulation?
A
Deep venous blood flow is regulated by the physiologic alternate contraction-relaxation of the calf flexor-extensor skeletal muscles, acting as a peristaltic pump.
21
Q
What are the potential consequences of untreated chronic venous insufficiency (CVI)?
A
Untreated CVI can lead to progression of venous disease, increased risk of complications such as venous ulcers, and significant socioeconomic costs due to lost productivity and healthcare needs.
22
Q
What is the role of post-treatment compression in venous disease management?
A
Post-treatment compression is important for reducing swelling, promoting venous return, and enhancing the effectiveness of sclerotherapy and other treatments.
23
Q
How do superficial, deep, and perforating veins work together in the venous system?
A
Superficial, deep, and perforating veins work together to facilitate efficient blood outflow back to the heart, maintain thermoregulation, and ensure unidirectional blood flow through the presence of valves.
24
Q
What is the importance of duplex ultrasound in the treatment of varicose veins?
A
Duplex ultrasound is important because it aids in the diagnosis of venous disease, guides sclerotherapy and other treatment options, and helps assess the effectiveness of interventions.
25
What are the characteristics of reticular veins in relation to chronic venous disease?
Reticular veins are often considered a cosmetic nuisance and are early manifestations of chronic venous disease (CVD) that may foreshadow advanced CVI.
26
What is the anatomical relationship between the common femoral vein and the deep femoral vein?
The common femoral vein is formed by the confluence of the femoral vein and the deep femoral vein approximately 9 cm distal to the inguinal ligament.
27
What is the clinical relevance of understanding the venous anatomy of the lower extremities?
Understanding venous anatomy is clinically relevant for accurate diagnosis of venous diseases, effective treatment planning, and anticipating potential complications during procedures.
28
What are the implications of high pressures in the deep venous system during calf muscle contraction?
High pressures in the deep venous system during calf muscle contraction propel blood upward through the veins and help maintain unidirectional flow by closing valves.
29
What is the significance of the popliteal vein in the venous return system?
The popliteal vein serves as a major conduit for blood returning from the lower leg to the femoral vein and is a key junction point for deep venous drainage.
30
What are the potential benefits of sclerotherapy in treating varicose veins?
Benefits of sclerotherapy include being a minimally invasive procedure, effective in reducing the appearance of varicose veins, and can improve symptoms associated with venous insufficiency.
31
How does the venous system contribute to thermoregulation in the body?
The venous system contributes to thermoregulation by allowing for the outflow of blood to the heart, which helps regulate body temperature and facilitates heat exchange through the skin and underlying tissues.
32
What is the role of the Great Saphenous Vein (GSV) in the superficial venous system?
The GSV originates from the dorsal foot and ascends anterior to the medial malleolus, continuing up the medial calf and thigh, terminating at the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ) approximately 3 cm inferior to the inguinal ligament.
33
How do the Small Saphenous Vein (SSV) and its tributaries differ in their anatomical course compared to the GSV?
The SSV originates from the lateral foot, courses posterior to the lateral malleolus, and drains into the popliteal vein at the saphenopopliteal junction, unlike the GSV.
34
What are the characteristics of tributary veins in the superficial venous system?
Tributary veins are typically tortuous and varicose in nature, do not course with saphenous veins, and serve as conduits between the saphenous system and the reticular vein network.
35
What is the significance of the preterminal valve in the Great Saphenous Vein (GSV)?
The preterminal valve ensures that reflux into the tributaries does not occur when the terminal valve is closed, maintaining proper venous flow and preventing varicosities.
36
What is the anatomical relationship between the Saphenous Nerve and the Great Saphenous Vein (GSV)?
The Saphenous Nerve runs anterior to the GSV within the saphenous compartment, supplying cutaneous sensation to the medial aspects of the leg, ankle, and foot.
37
What is the clinical significance of the Giacomini vein in relation to the SSV and GSV?
The Giacomini vein can communicate with the GSV in the medial thigh via the posterior thigh circumflex vein, indicating a potential pathway for venous insufficiency.
38
What is the role of the Great Saphenous Vein (GSV) in the superficial venous system?
The GSV is responsible for draining blood from the medial aspects of the leg, ankle, and foot.
39
How do accessory veins differ from tributary veins in the superficial venous system?
Accessory veins are saphenous-like and ascend parallel with saphenous veins, while tributary veins are tortuous and varicose.
40
What anatomical variations are common in the GSV and its tributaries in the knee and thigh?
Anatomical variations of the GSV and its tributary and accessory veins in the knee and thigh are common, which can affect drainage patterns and potential for venous insufficiency.
41
What is the significance of the preterminal valve in the GSV?
The preterminal valve ensures that reflux into the tributaries does not occur when the terminal valve is closed, maintaining proper venous flow.
42
Describe the termination patterns of the Small Saphenous Vein (SSV).
The SSV has variable termination patterns: 60% drains into the popliteal vein at the saphenopopliteal junction, 1/3 drains into the popliteal vein above the knee joint, and 5-10% drains below the knee joint.
43
What is the clinical significance of the Giacomini vein in relation to the SSV?
The Giacomini vein, if it communicates with the GSV in the medial thigh, indicates a potential risk for venous insufficiency.
44
How does the Saphenous nerve relate to the GSV?
The Saphenous nerve runs anterior to the GSV within the saphenous compartment, supplying cutaneous sensation to the medial aspects of the leg.
45
What is the role of the Surreal nerve in the superficial venous system?
The Surreal nerve provides sensory innervation to the posterolateral leg and lateral foot, primarily in the distal third of the leg.
46
What are the implications of a proximal SSV segment being deep to the deep fascia?
A proximal SSV segment deep to the deep fascia cannot become grossly incompetent, indicating a protective anatomical feature.
47
What is the relationship between the tibial nerve and the SSV?
The SSV may travel in close proximity to the tibial nerve in the popliteal fossa before its termination in the popliteal vein.
48
What is the significance of the popliteal fossa vein in the context of venous insufficiency?
The popliteal fossa vein may correlate with a higher propensity for incompetence of the GSV, its tributaries, and adjacent perforating veins.
49
What is the anatomical course of the GSV from its origin to termination?
The GSV originates from the dorsal foot, ascends anterior to the medial malleolus, continues up the medial calf, and terminates at the SFJ approximately 3 cm inferior to the inguinal ligament.
50
How does the SSV communicate with the popliteal vein?
The SSV can communicate with the popliteal vein but may terminate in the thigh GSV or another deep vein.
51
What is the anatomical course of the GSV from its origin to termination?
The GSV originates from the dorsal foot, ascends anterior to the medial malleolus, continues up the medial calf, and terminates at the SFJ approximately 3 cm inferior to the inguinal ligament, at the level of the groin skin crease.
52
How does the SSV communicate with the popliteal vein?
The SSV can communicate with the popliteal vein but may terminate in the thigh GSV or another deep vein, indicating a complex network of venous connections in the lower extremities.
53
What are the characteristics of tributary veins in the superficial venous system?
Tributary veins are characterized as tortuous and varicose in nature, do not course with saphenous veins, and serve as conduits between the saphenous system and the reticular vein network.
54
What is the anatomical relationship between the GSV and the saphenous compartment?
The GSV is found entirely within the saphenous compartment, which is circumscribed by a thin saphenous sheath that merges with muscular fascia, while accessory and tributary veins lie outside of this compartment.
55
What is the significance of true duplication of the GSV?
True duplication of the GSV occurs in the thigh (8%) and calf (25%), with both vessels lying within the saphenous sheath, which may have implications for venous drainage and potential complications in venous disease.
56
What is the function of the terminal valve in the GSV?
The terminal valve, located at the SFJ, plays a crucial role in preventing retrograde flow of blood from the femoral vein into the GSV, thus maintaining proper venous return from the lower extremities.
57
How does the superficial venous system contribute to cutaneous microcirculation?
The superficial venous system, including the GSV and SSV, contributes to cutaneous microcirculation by draining blood from the dermal and subcutaneous tissues, facilitating nutrient exchange and thermoregulation.
58
What are the potential complications associated with incompetence of the GSV and its tributaries?
Incompetence of the GSV and its tributaries can lead to venous insufficiency, varicose veins, and chronic venous disease, resulting in symptoms such as swelling, pain, and skin changes in the lower extremities.
59
What is the anatomical significance of the saphenopopliteal junction?
The saphenopopliteal junction is significant as it is a common termination point for the SSV, where it drains into the popliteal vein, and its anatomy can influence surgical approaches and the risk of venous insufficiency.
60
What is the role of the subdermic lateral venous system of the lateral thigh?
The subdermic lateral venous system of the lateral thigh is a remnant of the embryonic vena marginalis lateralis and serves as a third primary territory of the superficial venous system, indicating a high-risk area for vein development.
61
How does the GSV penetrate the saphenous fascia?
The GSV may penetrate the saphenous fascia at the level of the mid or distal thigh, becoming more superficial, which can have implications for venous access and potential complications during procedures.
62
What is the relationship between the SSV and the gastrocnemius muscles?
The SSV courses posterior to the lateral malleolus and between the gastrocnemius muscles in the posterior calf, indicating its anatomical relationship with these muscles and potential implications for venous drainage.
63
What is the clinical relevance of the anterior accessory vein of the GSV?
The anterior accessory vein of the GSV can course anterior to the GSV within its own layer of hyperechoic fascia in the proximal thigh, which may have implications for venous access and surgical procedures.
64
What is the significance of the deep fascia in relation to the SSV?
The deep fascia plays a significant role in the anatomy of the SSV, as a proximal SSV segment deep to the deep fascia cannot become grossly incompetent, highlighting the protective nature of this anatomical structure.
65
How does the superficial venous system interact with the deep venous system?
The superficial venous system, including the GSV and SSV, interacts with the deep venous system through perforating veins that connect the two systems, facilitating venous return and pressure regulation in the lower extremities.
66
What are the implications of anatomical variations in the superficial venous system?
Anatomical variations in the superficial venous system can affect venous drainage patterns, increase the risk of venous insufficiency, and complicate surgical interventions, necessitating careful evaluation during procedures.
67
What is the role of the infrapopliteal valves in the GSV?
The infrapopliteal valves in the GSV help prevent retrograde flow and ensure unidirectional blood flow towards the heart, which is crucial for maintaining venous return and preventing venous stasis.
68
What is the anatomical relationship between the GSV and the common femoral vein?
The GSV drains into the common femoral vein at the SFJ, where it is bound proximally by the suprasaphenic and distally by the infrapopliteal valves, indicating a critical junction in venous drainage.
69
How does the superficial venous system contribute to the overall venous return in the lower extremities?
The superficial venous system, through its network of veins including the GSV and SSV, contributes to the overall venous return by draining blood from the skin and subcutaneous tissues, which is then directed to the deep venous system for return to the heart.
70
What is the clinical significance of the terminal valve in the GSV?
The terminal valve at the SFJ is clinically significant as it prevents retrograde flow from the femoral vein into the GSV, thus playing a crucial role in maintaining proper venous function and preventing venous insufficiency.
71
What is the function of perforating veins in the venous system?
Perforating veins connect the superficial and deep venous systems, directing blood flow from superficial to deep. They play a crucial role in venous return by allowing blood to flow into the deep system during calf muscle relaxation and preventing flow during contraction.
72
What are the risk factors for the progression of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI)?
Risk factors for progression of CVI include having both varicose veins and CVI at baseline, history of deep vein thrombosis (4 times more likely), family history of varicose veins (nearly 2 times more likely), age over 55 years, and overweight/obesity.
73
How does the prevalence of saphenous varicose veins differ between genders?
Men have higher rates of saphenous varicose veins compared to women. The rate of saphenous vein incompetence increases rapidly with advancing age.
74
What is the significance of the Edinburgh Vein Study findings regarding telangiectasias?
The Edinburgh Vein Study found that 84% of individuals aged 16 to 64 had telangiectasias, with a higher prevalence in women. Telangiectasias are often associated with the presence and severity of varicose veins.
75
What are the clinically important locations for perforating veins?
The four clinically important locations for perforating veins are thigh, knee fold, upper medial leg, and lower medial leg.
76
A patient with a history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is being evaluated for varicose veins. What is their risk of disease progression?
Patients with a history of DVT are 4 times as likely to experience disease progression.
77
A patient presents with varicose veins and a family history of the condition. How does this family history affect their risk of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI)?
A family history of varicose veins nearly doubles the risk of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI).
78
A patient with a history of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) presents with telangiectasias. How does HRT affect the likelihood of developing telangiectasias?
A history of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is more likely in patients with telangiectasias than in those without lower-extremity veins.
79
How does calf muscle contraction affect perforating veins?
During calf muscle contraction, perforator valves close, preventing blood flow into the superficial system.
80
What are the clinical implications of valvular insufficiency in perforating veins?
Valvular insufficiency can lead to outward or bidirectional flow into lower pressure veins, often resulting in reflux in the superficial system.
81
What factors are associated with the progression of varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency (CVI)?
Factors associated with the progression of varicose veins and CVI include having both varicose veins and CVI at baseline, history of deep vein thrombosis, family history of varicose veins, age, and overweight/obesity.
82
How does the prevalence of venous reflux change with age?
The prevalence of superficial and deep venous reflux increases with age, with segmental venous reflux found in both systems.
83
What is the relationship between hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and telangiectasias?
Patients with a history of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) are more likely to have telangiectasias compared to those without lower-extremity veins.
84
What demographic factors influence the incidence of saphenous varicose veins?
The incidence of saphenous varicose veins is influenced by gender and age, with men having higher rates than women.
85
What is the significance of the Edinburgh Vein Study findings regarding telangiectasias?
The Edinburgh Vein Study found that 84% of individuals aged 16 to 64 had telangiectasias, with a higher prevalence in women.
86
How does the presence of superficial venous reflux affect clinical outcomes?
Subjects with baseline superficial venous reflux are at a 2-fold risk of ipsilateral clinical progression.
87
What is the impact of family history on the risk of developing varicose veins?
A family history of varicose veins significantly increases the risk of developing the condition.
88
What are the common symptoms of chronic venous disease (CVD) as reported in the Italian vein study?
The most frequent presenting symptoms of CVD include tired, heavy legs, tingling, heat sensation, pain, and swelling.
89
What factors contribute to venous hypertension?
Factors contributing to venous hypertension include combined venous outflow obstruction, calf muscle pump failure, congenital absence of valves, and venous system dysfunction.
90
What is the significance of vein wall alterations in chronic venous disease?
Vein wall alterations precede valvular damage and insufficiency, making them the primary event in chronic venous disease.
91
What are the characteristics of telangiectasias, reticular veins, and varicose veins?
| Type of Vein | Characteristics |
|--------------|-----------------|
| Telangiectasias | Red to dark blue, ≤ 1 mm in diameter |
| Reticular veins | Blue or greenish hue, 1 to 3 mm in diameter |
| Varicose veins | Bulging, dilated, tortuous, ≥ 4 mm |
92
What are the contraindications for the treatment of lower extremity veins?
Contraindications for the treatment of lower extremity veins include history of SVT, DVT, or hypercoagulability, pregnancy, concurrent general anesthesia, inability to tolerate compression, and history of lower-extremity trauma.
93
A patient with a history of migraines is scheduled for sclerotherapy. What should be included in the informed consent?
A history of migraines or a known congenital heart defect should be noted and included in the informed consent for sclerotherapy.
94
A pregnant patient in her second trimester presents with varicose veins. What is the recommended course of action?
Treatment of varicose veins is contraindicated during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.
95
How does pregnancy affect venous function and the development of varicose veins?
Pregnancy induces hormone and volume-induced venous distensibility, elevating deep venous pressures which can lead to valvular incompetence.
96
What is the significance of vein wall alterations in the progression of varicose veins?
Vein wall alterations precede valvular damage and insufficiency, serving as the primary event in the progression of varicose veins.
97
How does pregnancy affect venous function and the development of varicose veins?
Pregnancy induces hormone and volume-induced venous distensibility, elevating deep venous pressures which can lead to valvular incompetence. In primigravid women, there is an increase in vein diameter and valve closure time, which typically reverts to baseline within 3 months postpartum.
98
What is the significance of vein wall alterations in the progression of varicose veins?
Vein wall alterations precede valvular damage and insufficiency, serving as the primary event in the progression of varicose veins. These alterations can lead to significant structural and biochemical defects in the vein wall, altering venous tone and weakening its structure.
99
What are the contraindications for treating varicose veins during pregnancy?
Treatment of varicose veins is contraindicated during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. However, extremely painful or bleeding varicose veins may be treated safely in the third trimester by endovenous ablation.
100
What are the clinical features of telangiectasias?
Telangiectasias, also known as spider veins, are characterized by a red to dark blue color and are ≤ 1 mm in diameter.
101
What are the characteristics of reticular veins?
Reticular veins are deeper and larger than telangiectasias, have a blue or greenish hue, measure 1 to 3 mm in diameter, and are most easily visible when lying prone or supine.
102
What are the cutaneous hallmarks of chronic venous disease (CVD)?
The cutaneous hallmarks of CVD typically appear on the lower leg and medial malleolus and include:
- Edema
- Stasis dermatitis
- Hemosiderin pigmentation
- Lipodermatosclerosis
- Cutaneous ulceration
103
What is the role of the calf muscle pump in venous return?
The calf muscle pump plays a crucial role in venous return by facilitating the movement of blood through the veins, particularly during physical activity. Failure of this pump can contribute to venous hypertension and the development of varicose veins.
104
How does the presence of pelvic masses contribute to venous hypertension?
Pelvic masses can exert pressure on the venous system, leading to increased venous pressure and contributing to venous hypertension, which can result in the development of varicose veins and other venous disorders.
105
What is the significance of a family history of varicose veins?
A family history of large varicose veins increases the likelihood of truncal varicosities, even in patients presenting with telangiectasias alone, indicating a genetic predisposition to venous disease.
106
What are the potential outcomes of untreated varicose veins?
Untreated varicose veins can lead to complications such as chronic venous insufficiency, skin changes, venous ulcers, and increased risk of thrombosis, highlighting the importance of early intervention.
107
What is the relationship between venous hypertension and varicose vein formation?
Venous hypertension leads to abnormal dilation and tortuosity of veins, which can result in the formation of varicose veins due to the increased pressure and structural changes in the venous wall.
108
What are the implications of valvular incompetence in the venous system?
Valvular incompetence can lead to retrograde flow, prolonged venous hypertension, and ultimately the development of varicose veins, as it disrupts the normal unidirectional flow of blood in the veins.
109
How does the presence of congenital absence of valves affect venous health?
Congenital absence of valves can lead to venous hypertension and increased risk of varicose veins due to the lack of proper venous return mechanisms, resulting in blood pooling and structural changes in the veins.
110
What is the clinical significance of the transforming growth factor-β in venous disease?
Transforming growth factor-β is involved in promoting extracellular matrix accumulation, which can contribute to the structural changes seen in varicose veins and venous hypertension.
111
What are the common diagnostic methods for assessing varicose veins?
Common diagnostic methods for assessing varicose veins include physical examination, ultrasound imaging to evaluate venous flow and structure, and transillumination to assess the relationship between reticular veins and telangiectasias.
112
What is the importance of documenting exacerbation of symptoms with menstrual periods in women with varicose veins?
Documenting exacerbation of symptoms with menstrual periods is important as it may indicate a hormonal influence on venous function and can guide treatment decisions for women with varicose veins.
113
What are the potential effects of hemodynamic stresses on venous health?
Hemodynamic stresses such as hypoxia, mechanical stretch, and low shear stress can lead to inflammatory cascades and contribute to the development of venous hypertension and varicose veins.
114
What is the role of saphenous veins in the development of varicose veins?
Normal saphenous veins can become involved in varicose disease, with a centripetal progression from saphenous tributaries toward the saphenous veins themselves, leading to significant venous dysfunction.
115
How does obesity contribute to venous hypertension?
Obesity can increase intra-abdominal pressure and disrupt normal venous return, leading to venous hypertension and increasing the risk of developing varicose veins.
116
What is the significance of palpation along saphenous vein distributions in diagnosing varicose veins?
Palpation along saphenous vein distributions helps to identify early varicose veins that may not yet be visible, aiding in the early diagnosis and management of venous disease.
117
What are the implications of a history of DVT on venous health?
A history of DVT can lead to chronic venous insufficiency and increase the risk of developing varicose veins due to damage to the venous valves and changes in venous structure.
118
What is the relationship between chronic venous disease and skin changes?
Chronic venous disease can lead to skin changes such as stasis dermatitis, hemosiderin pigmentation, and lipodermatosclerosis due to prolonged venous hypertension and impaired venous return.
119
What are the key features of varicose veins?
Varicose veins are characterized by bulging, dilated, and tortuous appearance, measuring ≥ 4 mm in diameter, and are best evaluated in a standing position.
120
What is the role of thorough history and physical examination in diagnosing CVD?
A thorough history and physical examination are essential for diagnosing chronic venous disease, as they help identify subjective symptoms and objective signs such as edema, dermatitis, and ulceration.
121
What are the potential complications of untreated varicose veins?
Untreated varicose veins can lead to complications such as chronic venous insufficiency, skin ulcers, and increased risk of thrombosis, emphasizing the need for timely intervention.
122
What is the purpose of the Clinical-Etiologic-Anatomic-Pathophysiologic (CEAP) classification system?
The CEAP classification system is a descriptive tool that aids in the diagnosis and severity assessment of venous disease.
123
What does a preoperative duplex ultrasonography (DUS) evaluate in patients with varicose veins?
DUS evaluates reflux in incompetent subcutaneous reticular veins, identifies non-saphenous sources of reflux, and assesses for primary sources of retrograde flow in symptomatic varicose veins.
124
What are the clinical signs highly suspicious for thrombus during venous evaluation?
Signs include failure to fully compress a vein with downward pressure and the presence of intraluminal echogenicity.
125
What is sclerotherapy and its primary use?
Sclerotherapy is the introduction of a foreign substance into a vessel to cause endothelial damage and is an excellent primary treatment option for cutaneous veins of all sizes.
126
Who first attempted sclerotherapy and what method did they use?
Zollikofer of St. Gallen, Switzerland, first attempted sclerotherapy in 1682 by injecting an acid intravenously to produce a thrombus.
127
What is the significance of the Valsalva maneuver in venous evaluation?
The Valsalva maneuver is used to elicit reflux at the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ) during venous evaluation.
128
A patient presents with telangiectasias and reticular veins but no visible varicose veins. What diagnostic workup is required?
Patients with superficial venous disease limited to scattered telangiectasias and reticular veins without evidence of CVI or associated varicose veins on visual examination do NOT require further workup.
129
A 45-year-old patient with a history of varicose veins presents with symptoms of venous hypertension but no visible varicosities. What diagnostic tool should be used?
Duplex ultrasonography (DUS) should be used to evaluate for primary sources of retrograde flow and identify nonsaphenous sources of reflux caused by incompetent perforators.
130
A patient with saphenous vein incompetence is undergoing duplex ultrasonography. What reflux time is considered abnormal?
Reflux times greater than 500 milliseconds are considered abnormal.
131
A patient with varicose veins is being evaluated for saphenous vein incompetence. What is the gold standard diagnostic study?
Duplex ultrasonography (DUS) remains the gold standard diagnostic study for evaluating saphenous vein incompetence.
132
What does the CEAP classification indicate for patients with superficial venous disease limited to telangiectasias and reticular veins?
Patients with superficial venous disease limited to scattered telangiectasias and reticular veins without evidence of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) or associated varicose veins do NOT require further workup.
133
What is the role of preoperative duplex ultrasonography (DUS) in the assessment of varicose veins?
DUS is used to localize reflux in incompetent veins, evaluate for primary sources of retrograde flow, and identify non-saphenous sources of reflux. It is considered the gold standard diagnostic study for venous imaging.
134
What are the indications for performing preoperative duplex ultrasonography (DUS) before treatment?
DUS is required in symptomatic varicose veins in a saphenous system distribution and in patients with previous venous surgery before performing additional treatment.
135
What are the signs highly suspicious for thrombus during venous assessment?
Signs highly suspicious for thrombus include failure to fully compress a vein with downward pressure and the presence of intraluminal echogenicity.
136
What is sclerotherapy and what is its primary purpose?
Sclerotherapy is the introduction of a foreign substance into the lumen of a vessel, causing endothelial damage and transient vasospasm, leading to fibrotic occlusion and eventual obliteration. It is an excellent primary treatment option for cutaneous veins.
137
What historical significance does sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) have in sclerotherapy?
Sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) was developed in 1946 and became a safe synthetic sclerosing agent that allowed sclerotherapy to be seriously studied in the United States.
138
What is the significance of the Valsalva maneuver in venous assessment?
The Valsalva maneuver is used to elicit reflux at the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ) during venous assessment, with abnormal reflux times being greater than 500 msec.
139
How does the detection of physiologic reflux best occur during a duplex ultrasonography (DUS) examination?
Detection of physiologic reflux is best evaluated with the patient standing upright or in a 45-degree reverse Trendelenburg position (tilted-table technique).
140
What is the historical context of sclerotherapy as described by Zollikofer in 1682?
Zollikofer of St. Gallen, Switzerland, first attempted sclerotherapy by injecting an acid intravenously to produce a thrombus in 1682.
141
What advancements in sclerotherapy were made by Duffy in the 1980s?
Duffy promoted the use of polidocanol (POL) and hypertonic saline (HS) as safe and effective sclerosing solutions among dermatologists in the 1980s.
142
What is the significance of elastic compression in the context of sclerotherapy?
Elastic compression is key to the success and acceptance of sclerotherapy, facilitating ease of use and popularity due to advancements in the elasticity and durability of rubber and synthetic elastomers.
143
What is the role of ambulatory phlebectomy in the treatment of varicose veins?
Ambulatory phlebectomy is used for the treatment of saphenous tributaries and varicose veins, often as an adjuvant therapy to endovenous procedures.
144
What is the importance of documenting mean and maximal vein diameter during venous assessment?
Documenting mean and maximal vein diameter is important for assessing the severity of venous disease and planning appropriate treatment.
145
What are the limitations of older diagnostic options like venography and plethysmography compared to DUS?
Older diagnostic options like venography and plethysmography are more invasive, limited, and outdated compared to DUS, which provides noninvasive, reliable, and cost-effective venous imaging.
146
What is the significance of the double-syringe technique in sclerotherapy as described by Tessari in 2000?
The double-syringe technique, introduced by Tessari in 2000, is a method used in sclerotherapy to improve the effectiveness and safety of the procedure.
147
What is the clinical significance of identifying non-saphenous sources of reflux during DUS?
Identifying non-saphenous sources of reflux is crucial for comprehensive treatment planning and addressing all potential causes of venous insufficiency.
148
What is the role of manual compression in assessing the superficial venous system?
Manual compression at the apex of the calf increases antegrade blood flow, which should cease almost immediately upon release, helping to assess for obstruction and reflux.
149
What does the term 'endovascular chemoablation' refer to in the context of sclerotherapy?
Endovascular chemoablation refers to the fitting term proposed for the introduction of a foreign substance into the lumen of a vessel to achieve sclerotherapy effects.
150
What are the clinical implications of a reflux time greater than 500 msec during venous assessment?
A reflux time greater than 500 msec is considered abnormal and indicates potential venous insufficiency, which may require further evaluation and treatment.
151
What is the significance of the historical development of sclerotherapy techniques from the 17th century to the 20th century?
The historical development of sclerotherapy techniques reflects advancements in medical understanding and technology, leading to safer and more effective treatment options for venous disease.
152
How does the CEAP classification system categorize the severity of venous disease?
The CEAP classification system categorizes venous disease based on clinical signs, etiology, anatomic distribution, and pathophysiology, providing a comprehensive assessment of severity.
153
What are the potential complications of sclerotherapy that practitioners should be aware of?
Potential complications of sclerotherapy include allergic reactions, skin necrosis, and thrombophlebitis, which practitioners should monitor for during and after treatment.
154
What is the importance of assessing the deep venous system before treating superficial venous disease?
Assessing the deep venous system is crucial to rule out obstruction and ensure that superficial venous treatments are appropriate and safe.
155
What advancements in sclerotherapy were made in the 20th century that improved treatment outcomes?
Advancements in the 20th century included the development of synthetic sclerosing agents and improved techniques, which enhanced the safety and effectiveness of sclerotherapy.
156
What is the significance of the term 'endosclerosis' in the context of sclerotherapy?
Endosclerosis refers to the endothelial damage caused by the introduction of a sclerosing agent into the lumen of a vessel, which is a key mechanism in the effectiveness of sclerotherapy.
157
What are the clinical indications for using hypertonic saline in sclerotherapy?
Hypertonic saline is used in sclerotherapy for its sclerosing properties, particularly in the treatment of varicose veins and telangiectasias.
158
What is the role of patient positioning during DUS to evaluate venous reflux?
Patient positioning, such as standing upright or in a reverse Trendelenburg position, is essential during DUS to evaluate venous reflux.
159
What is the endothelial damage caused by sclerotherapy?
The endothelial damage is caused by the introduction of a sclerosing agent into the lumen of a vessel, which is a key mechanism in the effectiveness of sclerotherapy.
160
What is the role of patient positioning during DUS to evaluate venous reflux?
Patient positioning, such as standing upright or in a reverse Trendelenburg position, is essential during DUS to accurately evaluate venous reflux and assess the venous system's function.
161
What are the key factors that contribute to the success of sclerotherapy treatments?
Key factors contributing to the success of sclerotherapy include the choice of sclerosing agent, proper technique, patient selection, and post-treatment care.
162
What are the three groups of currently available sclerosing agents based on their chemical structure and mechanism of action?
The three groups of currently available sclerosing agents are:
- Detergent
- Hyperosmotic (hypertonic)
- Chemical (irritant)
163
What are the advantages of using detergent sclerosing agents compared to other sclerosing agents?
Detergent sclerosing agents have the following advantages:
- Ability to foam: Increases potency by 2 to 4 times, mechanically displacing blood and maximizing endothelial contact.
- Rapid action: Causes plaques of endothelial desquamation within seconds of injection.
- Minimal damage: Selective against damaged endothelium with minimal to no reversible damage to surrounding tissue.
164
What are the disadvantages of hyperosmotic sclerosing agents?
The disadvantages of hyperosmotic sclerosing agents include:
- Rapid dilution in blood
- Transient pain and muscle cramping from extravascular diffusion or extravasation
- Nonspecific collateral damage to RBCs and perivascular tissue.
165
What is the clinical significance of using sodium morrhuate as a sclerosing agent?
Sodium morrhuate is significant because:
- It has a high risk of cutaneous necrosis and anaphylaxis when used for cutaneous sclerotherapy.
- It is a 5% solution of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in cod liver oil, but its exact fatty acid composition is unknown, making it less predictable in clinical outcomes.
166
How does the risk of postsclerotherapy hyperpigmentation (PSH) vary with the concentration of STS?
The risk of postsclerotherapy hyperpigmentation (PSH) with STS is directly proportional to the concentration injected:
- Higher concentrations lead to a relatively high incidence of PSH.
- At concentrations less than 1%, the risk is low, but it increases significantly at higher concentrations.
167
A patient undergoing sclerotherapy for telangiectasias reports pain during injection. What could be added to reduce this pain, and what is the associated risk?
Lidocaine can be added to reduce pain during injection, but it may increase the risk of allergic reactions.
168
A patient with telangiectasias is being treated with hypertonic saline. What is the most significant risk associated with this treatment?
Hypertonic saline (23.4%) has the highest risk of cutaneous necrosis from injection-site extravasation, particularly when injecting very close to the skin surface.
169
A patient with varicose veins is being treated with sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS). What is the relationship between STS concentration and postsclerotherapy hyperpigmentation (PSH)?
The risk of postsclerotherapy hyperpigmentation (PSH) with STS is directly proportional to the concentration injected.
170
A patient with telangiectasias is being treated with polidocanol (POL). What are the advantages of using POL?
Polidocanol (POL) is painless to inject, has an extremely low incidence of cutaneous necrosis with extravasation, and is FDA-approved for sclerosis of uncomplicated veins.
171
A patient with varicose veins is undergoing treatment with foam sclerotherapy. How does foaming enhance the efficacy of detergent sclerosing agents?
Foaming increases the potency of detergents 2- to 4-fold by mechanically displacing blood and maximizing endothelial contact.
172
A patient with varicose veins is being treated with ethanolamine oleate. Why is this agent not recommended for cutaneous sclerotherapy?
Ethanolamine oleate is not recommended for cutaneous sclerotherapy due to its association with anaphylaxis, cutaneous necrosis, pulmonary toxicity, and nonspecific RBC hemolysis.
173
A patient with varicose veins is undergoing treatment with sodium morrhuate. What is the most significant risk associated with this agent?
Sodium morrhuate has the highest risk of anaphylaxis among sclerosing agents and should not be used for cutaneous sclerotherapy.
174
A patient with varicose veins is undergoing treatment with hyperosmotic sclerosing agents. What are the disadvantages of these agents?
Disadvantages of hyperosmotic sclerosing agents include rapid dilution in blood, transient pain and muscle cramping from extravascular diffusion or extravasation, and nonspecific collateral damage of RBCs and perivascular tissue.
175
A patient with varicose veins is undergoing treatment with polidocanol (POL). What is the FDA-approved concentration for treating veins less than 1 mm in diameter?
Polidocanol (POL) is FDA-approved at a 0.5% concentration for treating veins less than 1 mm in diameter.
176
A patient with varicose veins is undergoing treatment with sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS). What is the FDA-approved concentration for treating uncomplicated varicose veins?
Sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) is FDA-approved in 1% and 3% concentrations for treating uncomplicated varicose veins of the lower extremities.
177
A patient with varicose veins is undergoing treatment with hypertonic saline (HS). What is the FDA-approved use of HS?
Hypertonic saline (HS) is FDA-approved only as an abortifacient.
178
A patient with varicose veins is undergoing treatment with detergent sclerosing agents. What is the mechanism of action of these agents?
Detergent sclerosing agents interfere with endothelial cell surface lipids and proteins, causing plaques of endothelial desquamation within seconds of injection.
179
A patient with varicose veins is undergoing treatment with hyperosmotic sclerosing agents. What is the mechanism of action of these agents?
Hyperosmotic sclerosing agents produce endothelial cell surface protein denaturation through concentration-dependent osmotic dehydration, leading to fibrin deposition and thrombus formation.
180
A patient with varicose veins is undergoing treatment with hypertonic saline (HS). What is the primary advantage of using HS?
The primary advantages of hypertonic saline (HS) are its low cost and lack of allergenicity when unadulterated.
181
A patient with varicose veins is undergoing treatment with hypertonic saline (HS). What can be done to reduce the risk of cutaneous necrosis from extravasation?
Injection of hyaluronidase into sites of extravasation can reduce the risk of cutaneous necrosis.
182
A patient with varicose veins is undergoing treatment with glycerin. What is the primary advantage of using glycerin?
Glycerin is an excellent treatment option for telangiectasias due to its exceedingly rare risks of postsclerotherapy hyperpigmentation, telangiectatic matting, and cutaneous necrosis.
183
A patient with varicose veins is undergoing treatment with detergent sclerosing agents. What is the advantage of foaming these agents?
Foaming detergent sclerosing agents increases their potency by mechanically displacing blood and maximizing endothelial contact.
184
A patient with varicose veins is undergoing treatment with hyperosmotic sclerosing agents. What is the primary disadvantage of these agents?
The primary disadvantage of hyperosmotic sclerosing agents is their rapid dilution in blood, which limits their efficacy.
185
A patient with varicose veins is undergoing treatment with hypertonic saline (HS). What is the most common concentration used for treating telangiectasias?
The most common concentration of hypertonic saline (HS) used for treating telangiectasias is 23.4%, often diluted to 11.7% for smaller telangiectasias.
186
A patient with varicose veins is undergoing treatment with hypertonic saline (HS) and dextrose. What is the advantage of this mixture?
The mixture of hypertonic saline (HS) and dextrose reduces pain, muscle cramping, and ulceration risk compared to HS alone.
187
A patient with varicose veins is undergoing treatment with hypertonic saline (HS) and dextrose. What is the primary disadvantage of this mixture?
The primary disadvantage of the HS and dextrose mixture is the potential for allergic reactions due to the phenethyl alcohol component.
188
What are the characteristics of an ideal sclerosing agent?
An ideal sclerosing agent should be:
- Selective against damaged endothelium (abnormal blood vessels)
- Cause minimal to no reversible damage to surrounding tissue
- Painless to inject
- Have no adverse events.
189
Which sclerosing agent has the highest risk of anaphylaxis?
Chromated glycerin has the highest risk of anaphylaxis among sclerosing agents.
190
What is the clinical significance of using ethanol as a sclerosing agent?
Ethanol is rarely used for dermatologic indications and is reserved for arteriovenous malformations and other high-flow vascular abnormalities due to its strong sclerosing properties.
191
What are the complications associated with the use of polyiodinated iodine as a sclerosing agent?
Polyiodinated iodine is a strong chemical sclerosing agent but is rarely used due to the increased risk of cutaneous necrosis with perivascular injection.
192
What is the role of the deep venous system in venous return from the leg?
The deep venous system acts as a conduit for approximately 90% of venous return from the leg.
193
What is the significance of the saphenous nerve in relation to varicose veins?
The saphenous nerve supplies cutaneous sensation to the medial aspect of the leg, which is important in the context of varicose veins and their treatment.
194
A diabetic patient is being considered for glycerin-based sclerotherapy. What is the primary concern?
Glycerin-based sclerotherapy is best avoided in diabetic patients due to the risk of iatrogenic secondary hyperglycemia.
195
A patient with varicose veins is undergoing treatment with chromated glycerin. What is the primary risk associated with this agent?
Chromated glycerin increases the risk of postsclerotherapy hyperpigmentation (PSH) and is associated with poor availability in the US.
196
A patient with varicose veins is undergoing treatment with ethanol. For what conditions is ethanol typically reserved?
Ethanol is reserved for arteriovenous malformations and other high-flow vascular abnormalities.
197
A patient with varicose veins is undergoing treatment with glycerin. What is the maximum volume that can be injected per session?
The volume of glycerin injected per session should not exceed 10 ml to avoid risks such as transient hematuria and hemoglobinuria.
198
A patient with varicose veins is undergoing treatment with chemical sclerosing agents. What is the mechanism of action of these agents?
Chemical sclerosing agents lead to the dissolution of intimal intracellular bonds, causing endothelial dysfunction and death, and triggering thrombus formation.
199
A patient with varicose veins is undergoing treatment with chromated glycerin. What is the mechanism of action of this agent?
Chromated glycerin has a combined osmotic and chemical mechanism of action, with the addition of chromium alum increasing its sclerosing power.
200
A patient with varicose veins is undergoing treatment with chemical sclerosing agents. What is the primary limitation of these agents?
The primary limitation of chemical sclerosing agents is their rapid dilution in blood and inactivation by blood proteins.
201
What is the mechanism of action of chromated glycerin in sclerotherapy?
Chromated glycerin acts through a combined osmotic and chemical mechanism of action, enhancing its sclerosing power.
202
What is the primary limitation of chemical sclerosing agents?
The primary limitation of chemical sclerosing agents is their rapid dilution in blood and inactivation by blood proteins.
203
What is the effect of adding epinephrine to glycerin?
Adding epinephrine to glycerin increases vasospasm, potentially enhancing its efficacy.
204
What are the potential risks associated with the addition of lidocaine to glycerin in sclerotherapy?
The addition of lidocaine to glycerin may theoretically increase the risk of allergic reactions, although no allergic reactions have been reported with glycerin alone.
205
What is the maximum volume of chromated glycerin that should be injected per session?
The volume injected per session should NOT exceed 10 ml; larger amounts may induce transient hematuria from ureteral colic or hemoglobinuria from RBC hemolysis.
206
What is the clinical significance of using polyiodinated iodine as a sclerosing agent?
Polyiodinated iodine is a strong chemical sclerosing agent but is rarely used due to the increased risk of cutaneous necrosis with perivascular injection.
207
What are the critical members of the calf muscle pump?
The critical members of the calf muscle pump include the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles.
208
What is the role of the saphenous nerve in relation to varicose veins?
The saphenous nerve supplies cutaneous sensation to the medial aspect of the leg, the medial malleolus, and the foot.
209
What are the true duplication rates of the great saphenous vein (GSV)?
True duplication of the GSV occurs in approximately 30% and 10% of individuals.
210
What are the four clinically important locations for perforators in the venous system?
The four clinically important locations for perforators are: 1. Hunter's canal 2. The knee 3. The ankle 4. The thigh
211
During which trimesters of pregnancy is the treatment of varicose veins contraindicated?
Treatment of varicose veins is contraindicated during the first and third trimesters of pregnancy.
212
What is the gold standard diagnostic study for varicose veins?
Ultrasound remains the gold standard diagnostic study for varicose veins.
213
What are the cutaneous hallmarks of chronic venous disease (CVD)?
The cutaneous hallmarks of CVD typically appear on the lower leg and ankle.
214
What is the relationship between family history and the risk of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI)?
A family history of varicose veins and overweight/obesity increases the risk of CVI by 4-fold.
215
What is the effect of hormonal replacement therapy and oral contraception on varicose veins?
Hormonal replacement therapy and oral contraception increase the risk of varicose veins.
216
What is the significance of the deep venous system in venous return from the leg?
The deep venous system acts as a conduit for approximately 90% of venous return from the leg.
217
What is the relationship between varicose veins and body position?
Varicose veins are most easily visible when lying prone or supine due to the effects of gravity on venous return.
218
What is the FDA approval status of sclerotherapy for uncomplicated varicose veins?
The Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS) is FDA approved for uncomplicated varicose veins of the lower extremities in 0.5% and 1% concentrations.
219
What is the recommended maximum volume of glycerin to be injected per session?
Glycerin volume injected per session should not exceed 15 ml.
220
How does foaming affect the potency of detergents in sclerotherapy?
Foaming increases the potency of detergents by 2 to 4-fold in sclerotherapy.
221
What is the relationship between post-sclerotherapy hyperpigmentation and the concentration of sclerosing agents?
Post-sclerotherapy hyperpigmentation with sclerosing agents is indirectly proportional to the concentration injected.
222
What is the anatomical significance of the popliteal vein in relation to the femoral vein?
The popliteal vein becomes the femoral vein at the lower margin of the popliteal fossa.
223
What is the role of the sural nerve in the lower extremity?
The sural nerve provides sensory innervation to the posterolateral leg and lateral foot.
224
What is the clinical implication of proximal SSV segment incompetence?
Proximal SSV segment deep to the deep fascia commonly becomes grossly incompetent, leading to venous insufficiency.
225
What is the significance of the cranial extension of the SSV communicating with the GSV?
Cranial extension of the SSV communicating with the GSV in the medial thigh is noted to be more common in patients with combined GSV and SSV incompetence.
226
What is the effect of family history of large varicose veins on lower extremity varicosities?
Family history of large varicose veins increases the likelihood of lower extremity varicosities.
227
What is the relationship between varicose veins and obesity?
Obesity increases the risk of developing varicose veins due to increased venous pressure and impaired venous return.
228
What are the potential complications associated with sclerosing agents?
Complications associated with sclerosing agents can include pain with injection, pigmentation changes, and allergic reactions.
229
What is the clinical significance of ethanol as a sclerosing agent?
Ethanol is rarely used for dermatologic indications and is reserved for arteriovenous malformations and other high-flow vascular abnormalities due to its strong sclerosing properties.
230
What is the risk associated with perivascular injection of polyiodinated iodine?
Perivascular injection of polyiodinated iodine carries a risk of cutaneous necrosis, making it rarely used in practice.
