neuro2and3

Question 1

at what spinal levels is LP generally performed?

Answer 1

between L3/4 or L4/5

Question 2

ASIS level

Answer 2

L3/4

Question 3

where does spinal cord end

Answer 3

L1/2

Question 4

glucose content of csf versus blood

Answer 4

glucose content of csf is 2/3 that of blood

Question 5

opening pressure of LP

Answer 5

60 to 150 mm H20

Question 6

xanthochromia

Answer 6

yellow csf; demonstrates in vivo intrathecal hemorrhage (as opposed to a traumatic tap)

Question 7

contraindic to LP

Answer 7

closure of the fourth ventricle and quadrigeminal cistern

Question 8

xanthochromia indicates

Answer 8

subarachnoid hemorrhage or hemorrhagic encephalitis

Question 9

fat on t1 versus t2 MRI

Answer 9

fat bright on t1, so myelin-containing white matter is bright

Question 10

water (csf) on t1 versus t2

Answer 10

water is dark on T1 and bright on T2

Question 11

FLAIR mri

Answer 11

fluid-attenuated inversion recovery; like T2 but signal from CSF is inverted so that it is low

Question 12

DWI

Answer 12

diffusion weighted imaging; shows cellular toxicity ; used for stroke (pos within half an hour)

Question 13

best screening image sequence for most pathological processes in the CNS

Answer 13

FLAIR

Question 14

susceptibility-weighted sequence MRI

Answer 14

susceptible to disruption (turns black) from some substance like calcium, bone, and the bood breakdown products ferritin and hemosiderin

Question 15

contrast enhancement on brain CT

Answer 15

indicates local disruption f the BBB

Question 16

EEG freq for beta

Answer 16

greater than 13 hz

Question 17

EEG freq for alpha

Answer 17

8-13 hz

Question 18

EEG freq for theta

Answer 18

4-7 hz

Question 19

EEG freq for delta

Answer 19

less than 4 hz

Question 20

relaxed awake state EEG

Answer 20

alpha waves over the posterior head

Question 21

bipolar montage

Answer 21

all electrodes ara active and recording is diference in activity between two adjacent electrodes

Question 22

referential montage

Answer 22

activity is recorded beneath the active electrode relative to a distant electrode or common average signal

Question 23

what to give to a coma patient with unknown etiology

Answer 23

naloxone then thiamine then dextrose

Question 24

pupillary reflex tests which nerves

Answer 24

II and III

Question 25

oculocephalic reflex (doll’s eyes) tests what

Answer 25

CN 8 as the afferent and III, IV, and VI as the efferent

Question 26

how to perfrome the oculocephalic reflex

Answer 26

turn the head horizontally and vertically and watch the eyes. They should stay fixed on target even when the head moves. If not, they are abnormal

Question 27

what nerves does caloric testing test?

Answer 27

CN 8 afferent and CNs 3,4,6 efferent

Question 28

how to do caloric reflex testing

Answer 28

50 ml of ice water into each ear. Conjugate eye should deviate toward the ear injected

Question 29

what nerves does corneal reflex test

Answer 29

V1 afferent and 7 efferent

Question 30

what nerves does gag reflex test

Answer 30

9 afferent and 10/11 efferent

Question 31

what is a persistent vegetative state?

Answer 31

patients have lost all awareness and cognitive function but may remain with their eyes open, exhibit sleep-wake cycles, and maintain respiration and other autonomic functions

Question 32

what is locked-in syndrome?

Answer 32

patient is awake and may be intact cognitively with no abnormality of consciousness; usually a result of pons lesion; patients cannot move extremities or most of face; but can communicated with eye movements or blinks

Question 33

what is brain death

Answer 33

irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain including the brainstem; patient must be comatose, absent brainstem reflexes, and no spontaneous respirations even when the pco2 has been allowed to rise

Question 34

confirmatory tests for brain death

Answer 34

EEG demonstrating electrocerebral silence; or cerrbral angiography showing absence of blood flow to the brain