2.2 biological molecules Flashcards
(221 cards)
1
Q
nutrients are broken down by
A
digestion
2
Q
anabolic reactions are where
A
products of digestion are digested into the blood stream and used to make larger molecules
3
Q
metabolism is
A
the sum of all chemical reactions taking place in an organism
4
Q
why is carbon so abundant in biomols
A
it can form 4 strong covalent bonds, it is very versatile
5
Q
in condensation reactions, - join together to form a -
A
monomers join together to form a polymer
6
Q
a water molecule is released in
A
condensation reactions
7
Q
a covalent bond is made in
A
condensation reactions
8
Q
a water molecule is used in
A
hydrolysis reactions
9
Q
a covalent bond is broken in
A
hydrolysis reactions
10
Q
hydrolysis reactions split - into -
A
polymers into monomers
11
Q
carbohydrates monomer is
A
monosaccharides
12
Q
carbohydrates polymer is
A
polysaccharides
13
Q
proteins monomer is
A
amino acids
14
Q
proteins polymer is
A
polypeptides
15
Q
nucleic acids monomer is
A
nucleotides
16
Q
nucleic acids polymer is
A
DNA and RNA
17
Q
water is a - molecule
A
polar
18
Q
bonds in water are
A
hydrogen bonds
19
Q
the density of water is
A
997kg/m3
20
Q
water is most dense at
A
4 degrees c
21
Q
the density of water makes it a good…
A
habitat, as ice floats on its surface
22
Q
what are adhesive properties
A
molecules are highly attracted to other molecules
23
Q
does water have adhesive properties
A
yes
24
Q
water’s adhesive properties make it a good… because…
A
transport medium, they create a pull on the water column, which plants use to transport water from roots to leaves
25
water has a surface tension of - at room temperature
72mN/m
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the high surface tension of water makes it a good - because...
habitat, insects can float on the surface and carry out actions there
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water has a - latent heat of vaporisation
high
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the high latent heat of vaporisation of water makes it a good- because...
means of temperature regulation because it means it can be used in humans for their sweat without it vaporising too easily, causing excessive sweating
29
water has a specific heat capacity of...
4200J/kg c
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water has a - specific heat capacity
high
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water's high specific heat capacity means it is useful in
1. because...
2. because ...
1. means of temperature regulation, heat can be stored in water and then used to regulate the temperature of nearby land at the coastline
2. transport medium, it can retain heat and then distribute it through warm blooded animals
32
water molecules have a - arrangement of - and - atoms
polar, hydrogen and oxygen
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hydrogen is - charged, so attracts things which are -
positively, negative
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oxygen is - charged, so attracts things which are -
negatively, positive
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water being a polar molecule makes it a good - because...
solvent, it can strongly attract other molecules, disrupting the forces of attraction between molecules and dissolving them
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water has a - latent heat of fusion
high
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does water freeze easily?
no
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water's high latent heat of fusion makes it a good - because...
habitat, it doesn't freeze too easily
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water's appearance is...
clear and colourless
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water's appearance makes it a good - because...
habitat, light can reach organisms living in the water
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water is very - so can...
viscous, slide easily
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waters viscosity makes it a good - because
means of transport because structures can easily move through it to transport materials
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carbohydrates role in the body
energy in respiration
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proteins role in the body
growth and repair, enzymes, antibodies, hormones
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lipids role in the body
insulation, fatty cell membranes, electrical insulation
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vitamins and minerals role in the body
coenzymes and activators, form parts of larger molecules
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nucleic acids role in the body
carry the genetic code
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water role in the body
keep cells turgid, provide a site for chemical reactions
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what is a covalent bond
a strong bond made between 2 atoms formed by the sharing of electrons
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what type of bonding is present within a water molecule?
covalent
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what type of bonding is present between water molecules?
hydrogen
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what 3 types of substance dissolve easily in water
1. soluble substances
2. polar molecules
3. hydrophilic materials
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monosaccharides general formula
Cn (H2O)n
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how many carbon atoms in a triose sugar
3
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how many carbon atoms in a pentose sugar
5
56
how many carbon atoms in a hexose sugar
6
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the monosaccharides found in DNA and RNA are - sugars
pentose
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all monosaccharides are - sugars
reducing
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monosaccharides can reduce - in - to-
blue cu2+ ions in Benedict's reagent to red cu+ ions
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properties of monosaccharides are...
sweet, water soluble, form crystals
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glucose molecules contain many bonds which can be - during - to -
broken down, respiration, release energy
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energy released from glucose is used to
make ATP
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break down of glucose in living organisms occurs in a series of
enzyme controlled steps
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if the hydroxyl group is below, it is
alpha glucose
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is the hydroxyl group is above, it is
beta glucose
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which type of glucose can be used in respiration
alpha glucose
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why can't animals use beta glucose?
because they have enzymes which can only break down the shape of alpha glucose
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what do you use to test for reducing sugars
Benedict's reagent
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if glucose is present, Benedict's reagent goes from
blue to red or blue- green- yellow- orange- red
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monosaccharides join together in - reactions to form - then -
condensation, disaccharides, polysaccharides
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when monosaccharides join together in condensation reactions, they form a - and - is produced
glycosidic bond, water
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maltose and lactose are
reducing sugars
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sucrose is a
non reducing sugar
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examples of disaccharides are
maltose, lactose, sucrose
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can sucrose reduce the Cu2+ in Benedict's reagent?
no
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for sucrose to reduce the Cu2+ in Benedict's reagent, it must first be...
hydrolysed by acid
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maltose is - with Benedict's reagent
positive
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lactose is - with Benedict's reagent
positive
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sucrose is initially - with Benedict's reagent
negative
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sucrose is - with Benedict's reagent once it has been hydrolysed by acid
positive
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glucose + glucose --->
maltose
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glucose + fructose --->
sucrose
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maltose has a - bond
alpha 1-4 glycosidic
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sucrose has a - bond
alpha 1-2 glycosidic
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what are polysaccharides?
polymers containing many monosaccharides
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polysaccharides contain - bonds
glycosidic
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polysaccharides are formed by - reactions
condensation
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all polysaccharides are -, so make good...
insoluble, storage molecules and building materials
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starch function
energy storage in plants
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starch is a
heteropolysaccharide
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starch is a mixture of the 2 polysaccharides
amylose and amylopectin
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amylose contains - bonds
alpha 1-4 glycosidic
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amylose is a chain of
alpha glucose monomers
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amylose coils to form a…
Compact helical structure
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In amylose - bonds are holding its shape
Hydrogen
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In amylose, the - groups on the outside can form - bonds with water, so amylose is
OH, H, soluble
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Amylopectin has faster reactions as…
it has more ends to be hydrolysed
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Amylopectin is made from
Glucose monomers
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Amylopectin is branched because
It contains both 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
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How do you test for starch?
Iodine
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When starch is present, iodine goes from - to-
Brown - blue/ black
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Glycogen function
Energy storage in animals
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Glycogen is made from
Alpha glucose monomers
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Glycogen is similar in structure to
Amylopectin
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glycogen is a
polysaccharide
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glycogen contains more - bonds than amylopectin
1-6 glycosidic
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does glycogen leave the cell? why?
no, it is too large
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is glycogen soluble
no
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glycogen does not affect
osmotic potential
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cellulose is found in
plant cell walls
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cellulose is made from
beta glucose monomers
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cellulose contains - bonds
hydrogen
113
the bonds in cellulose are WEAK or STRONG
strong
114
in cellulose, glucose monomers alternate their - by
orientation, 180 degrees
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in cellulose, - is removed
H2O
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cellulose is - because there are no - groups present to from - bonds with
insoluble, OH, hydrogen
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cellulose have strong linear chains which form layered - which are crossed together by more - bonds to form -
microfibrils, hydrogen, macrofibres
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the strong structure of cellulose is used to...
give the plant strength, structural support and rigidity
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the basic monomer unit of proteins is
amino acids
120
- reactions link amino acids together into a - by forming a -- bond and releasing -
condensation, dipeptide, covalent peptide, water
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the addition of another amino acid to a dipeptide creates a -
polypeptide
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how many R groups are there
20
123
what is the carboxyl group in proteins
OH
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in amino acids, the only thing that separates them is the -
R group
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some R groups can be - or -
charged or hydrophilic/ hydrophobic
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define amphoteric
something with both acidic and basic properties
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which amino acid has sulfur in its R group?
cysteine
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how do we test for proteins
with biuret reagent
129
plants can manufacture all of their amino acids using - from -
nitrogen from the soil
130
animals can only make some amino acids, so they need to get some from their -
diets
131
can animals store excess amino acids?
no
132
animals can't store excess amino acids because...
their amino groups make them toxic
133
what is deamination
when the amino group is removed from amino acids
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amino acids are converted to - and excreted via the -
urea, kidney
135
peptide bonds are between - and -
carbon and nitrogen
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biuret's reagent goes from - to - if protein is present
pale blue to purple
137
protein reduces the - ions in biurets to - ions
cu2+ to cu+
138
covalent peptide bonds are broken down by
protease enzymes
139
formation and breakage of peptide bonds in organisms is controlled by
enzymes
140
what digests protein in the stomach
peptin
141
proteases regulate the breakdown of - so that their effects are not permanent
protein hormones
142
what 2 groups make an amino acid amtopheric?
basic amino group and acidic carboxyl group
143
the amino group has - and -
hydrogen and nitrogen
144
insulin function
controls blood glucose levels
145
haemoglobin fuction
transferring oxygen from the lungs to the tissues
146
Catalase function
Neutralisation of hydrogen peroxide through decomposition
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name three globular proteins
insulin, haemoglobin, catalase
148
insulin structure
A protein composed of two chains (an A and B chain) linked together by Sulphur atoms
149
haemoglobin structure
Haemoglobin is composed of four polypeptides – two alpha, two beta
150
catalase structure
It is a tetrameric enzyme, consisting of four, identical tetrahedrally arranged subunits of 60 kDa (way of expressing molecular mass).
151
how does catalase's structure help its function
The presence of of the iron II atoms in the prosthetic groups allow catalase to interact with hydrogen peroxide and speed up its breakdown.
152
how does insulin's structure help its function
allows it to be soluble, which means it can travel in the bloodstream
153
how does haemoglobin's structure help its function
the Fe2+ ions present in the structure can each combine reversibly with an oxygen molecule, allowing it to transport oxygen around the body.
154
insulin specific groups
```
Rapid-acting insulin.
Short-acting insulin.
Intermediate-acting Insulin.
Mixed insulin.
Long-acting insulin.
```
155
haemoglobin specific groups
Haemoglobin S
Haemoglobin C
Haemoglobin E
Haemoglobin D
156
catalase specific groups
Monofunctional
heme-containing catalases
Heme-containing catalase-peroxidases
Manganese-containing catalases
157
name the 3 fibrous proteins
keratin, collagen, elastin
158
collagen function
a connective tissue found in the skin, tendons, ligaments and the nervous system
159
keratin function
providing flexibility in hair and nails, found on the lining of tissues
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elastin function
allows heart vessels and alveoli to stretch under high pressure and then return to their regular shape
161
collagen structure
- triple helix of 3 tightly wound chains
| - proline, hydroxyproline and glycine
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elastin structure
- cross-linked strands with hydrophobic regions
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level of protein structure of globular proteins
quarternary
164
elastin level of protein structure
quarternary
165
keratin structure
four alpha helical segments cross-linked by 3 beta chains
166
collagen role of structure in function
the tightly wound chains of amino acid create strong, long and thin fibrils which can be used to provide elasticity to the skin and to protect softer tissues.
167
elastin role of structure in function
the hydrophobic areas associate, causing elastin molecules to group together. When stretched these strands move apart but remain attached at the crosslinks. After stretching, the elastin molecules reassociate, springing back together.
168
keratin role of structure in function
cysteine in keratin is used to form disulphide bonds- these are strong covalent bonds. This helps as it makes keratin strong.
169
the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide is called the
primary structure
170
the 2 secondary structures are...
alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
171
the tertiary structure is...
the secondary structures coiled together
172
the bonds responsible for holding the tertiary structure can be
disulfide bonds, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds and hyrophobic and hydrophillic interactions
173
a quarternary structure is where
a protein is made from more than one polypeptide
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state some functions of lipids
energy, insulation in blubber, hormones as steroids, hibernation for energy and warmth, electrical insulation in the myelin sheath, membranes as phospholipids
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lipids are all made from -, - and - atoms
C, H and O
176
lipids are soluble in - but insoluble in -
organic solvents, water
177
lipids are all called - because they are made from at least 2 different molecules
macromolecules
178
lipids make up -% of the organic matter in a cell
5%
179
triglycerides are made from a - reaction between 1 - molecule and 3 - molecules
condensation, glycerol, fatty acid
180
triglycerides are more/ less dense than water
less
181
are triglycerides polar?
no they are non-polar
182
because triglycerides are non polar, they are - and -
hydrophobic and insoluble
183
glycerol is a simple molecule made from - joined to -
3 carbon atoms, 3 hydroxyl groups
184
saturated acids have - double bonds
0
185
unsaturated acids have - double bonds
1 or more
186
fatty acids contain an acidic - group
carboxyl group
187
fatty acids carboxyl group
CO2H
188
fatty acids have a general formula of - where R is a -
R.COOH, hydrocarbon tail
189
most naturally occurring fatty acids have - to - carbon atoms
14 to 22
190
phospholipids are produced when
an OH group of the glycerol combines with a phosphoric acids
191
phospholipids have a - head with 2 - tails
phosphate, fatty acid hydrocarbon
192
in phospholipids the fatty acid chains are -
hydrophobic
193
in phospholipids the phosphate head is - and -
polar and hydrophilic
194
cholesterol is made of - - rings
4 carbon
195
cholesterol is found in all ...
biological membranes
196
cholesterol is - and -
small and hydrophobic
197
cholesterol is made in the
liver
198
which type of fatty acid can bend
unsaturated
199
which type of fatty acid melts at a higher temperature
saturated
200
which type of fatty acid is solid at room temperature
saturated
201
excess cholesterol clumps in bile to form
gall stones
202
what is familial hypercholesterolemia?
a genetic disorder where the signal to stop cholesterol production fails, causing heart attacks at very young ages
203
how do you test for lipids
emulsion test
1. mix sample with ethanol
2. add solution to water
3. shake
204
if lipids are present, the emulsion test will show
a white emulsion layer formed at the top
205
to make the emulsion test semi quantitative, we can...
measure the density of a well mixed sample in a colorimeter
206
what are bisensors
an analytical device for the quantitative measurement of a biological response
207
ca2+ role
bone structure, muscle contraction, amylase cofactor, synaptic transmission
208
is anion positive or negative
negative
209
is cation positive or negative
positive
210
na+ role
nerve transmission, in LOH/CD, counter current multiplier
211
k+ role
nerve transmission, guard cell opening
212
h+ role
H bonds, blood pH, ETC in respiration
213
NH+4 role
formed from deamination of amino acids
214
NO-3 role
N source for plants to build up amino acids
215
HCO-3 role
CO2 transport, plasma buffer
216
Cl- role
amylase cofactor
217
PO-3,4 role
in phospholipids, ATP and nucleic acids
218
OH- role
involved in bonds
219
TESTING FOR REDUCING SUGARS qualitative method
1. add 10cm3 of benedicts to sample
2. place in 100 degrees c water bath for 15 mins
3. goes from blue- brick red if sugars present
220
TESTING FOR NON-REDUCING SUGARS qualitative method
1. hydrolyse the sugar in acid
2. add 10cm3 of benedicts to sample
3. place in 100 degrees c water bath for 15 mins
4. goes from blue- brick red if sugars present
221
TESTING FOR REDUCING SUGARS quantitative method
1. create glucose dilution series of 1%, 0.5%, 0.25%, 0.13%, 0.06% and UNKNOWN in beakers
2. place 2cm3 in boiling tubes
3. add 10cm3 of benedicts
4. place in 100 degrees c water bath for 15 mins
5. place in centrifuge tubes and centrifuge for 2 mins each
6. take supernatant and pipette into cuvettes
7. calibrate colorimeter with water in cuvette, should read 100% (red, transmission)
8. put cuvettes into colorimeter and record readings
9. create calibration curve on graph paper and use to determine unknown glucose concentration.
