22 - Brain Flashcards
1
Q
What makes up the CNS?
A
Brain
Spinal cord
2
Q
What makes up the PNS?
A
Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
3
Q
What makes up the ANS?
A
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
4
Q
Formation of nervous system occurs during the embryonic stage from the end of _______ week to the end of ________ week.
A
Second
Eighth
5
Q
Superior (anterior or cranial) neuropore closes by day ______.
A
27
6
Q
Inferior (posterior or caudal) neuropore closes by day ______.
A
30
7
Q
The tripartite brain consists of what?
A
Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
8
Q
The tripartite brain then divides into the pentapartite brain. The prosencephalon becomes _________ and _________; mesencephalon; and rhombencephalon becomes _________ and _________.
A
Telencephalon (most anterior)
Diencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
9
Q
The prosencephalon is not divided into ______ and ______ plates like rest of neural tube.
A
Alar
Basal
10
Q
There are two pairs of evaginations from the prosencephalon which are…
A
Telencephalic vesicles
Optic vesicles
11
Q
Telencephalic vesicles become what?
A
Cerebral hemispheres
12
Q
Optic vesicles become what?
A
Retinas of the eye
Associate with diencephalon
13
Q
Subphylum craniata (newer term for subphylum vertebrata) has two subgroups, which are…
A
Hagfishes (craniates without vertebrae)
Vertebrates (craniates with vertebrae)
14
Q
The cranial end of the neural tube of all craniates is characterized by three primary brain vesicles, which are…
A
Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
15
Q
The prosencephalon is the future…
A
Forebrain
16
Q
The mesencephalon is the future…
A
Midbrain
17
Q
The rhombencephalon is the future…
A
Hindbrain
18
Q
The cranial end of the neural tube of all craniates is characterized by three primary brain vesicles. The differentiation of these vesicles occurs through localized thickenings of lateral walls and floor, and _________.
A
Evaginations
19
Q
What is the major derivative of the myelencephalon that becomes continuous with the spinal cord?
A
Medulla oblongata
20
Q
In this fish, the myelencephalon ism ore developed than other areas of the brain. Large neurons run the length of the tail, thought to be involved in swimming. (Myelencephalon is well developed in all the rest of the vertebrates).
A
Agnathans
21
Q
Gray matter in the mesencephalon is organized into discrete _______ interspersed among myelinated (white) fiber tracts.
A
Nuclei
22
Q
Gray matter in the spinal cord is continuous and is located more centrally and surrounded by myelinated fiber _______.
A
Tracts
23
Q
This type of fish have vagal lobes associated with myelencephalon. The site of sensory nucleus (nucleus solitarius) in alar plate which may cause an enormous bulge on either side of the brainstem. May be associated with sense of taste.
A
Teleosts
24
Q
In these, vagal lobes disappear from myelencephalon.
A
Amphibians
25
In these, the myelencephalon is well-developed.
Mammals
26
What are the components of the brainstem?
Medulla
Pons
Midbrain
27
In general, the ________ is made up of a mixture of long fiber pathways, 10 of 12 cranial nerves that enter and leave, well-organized nuclei, and a network of cells which forms the ________ reticular formation.
Brainstem
| Brainstem
28
In the brainstem, most of the nuclei are related directly to...
Cranial nerve functions
| Motor control pathways
29
List the descending tracts in the medulla.
```
Corticospinal
Spinal tract V
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Tectospinal
Rubrospinal
```
30
List the ascending tracts of the medulla.
```
Medial lemniscus
Spinothalamic tract
Spinoreticular tract
Spinocerebellar tract
Cuneocerebellar tract
```
31
There are two additional components of the medulla that are not ascending or descending tracts. What are they?
Cranial nerve nuclei VIII-XII
| Inferior cerebellar peduncles
32
The medullary pyramids (anterior) are the location of what?
Lateral corticospinal tracts
33
85 percent of corticospinal fibers decussate in the inferior border of the ________.
Medulla
34
After corticospinal fibers decussate at the inferior border of the medulla, the fibers then enter the...
Lateral columns of spinal cord
35
The lateral corticospinal tracts help with initiating and modulating _________.
Movement
36
In the medullary olives (anterior), the inferior olivary nuclei receive input from most motor areas of the brain and spinal cord. What are the functions of this?
Balance
Coordination
Sound impulse modulation
37
Axons of the medullary olives project to the contralateral cerebellar hemisphere via the ________ ________. These axons signal the cerebellum when a movement deviates form the planned movement.
Olivocerebellar tract
38
The medulla sends many fibers to the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncles via which tracts?
Spinocerebellar
Olivocerebellar
Vestibulocerebellar
Reticulocerebellar
39
This tract sends information from the cerebellum to the medulla.
Cerebellovestibular
40
The medullary nuclei consists of vestibular nuclear complex and which cranial nerve nuclei?
VIII - XII
41
This part of the dorsal medullary nuclei is the point of synapse for ascending fibers of the fasciculus cuneatus.
Nucleus cuneatus
42
This part of the dorsal medullary nuclei is the point of synapse for ascending fibers of the fasciculus gracilis.
Nucleus gracilis
43
The medulla contains portions of the reticular formation, which are associated with ________ and ________.
Consciousness
| Arousal
44
List the vital reflex centers located in the medulla.
- Cardiac center
- Medullary rhythmicity center
- Vasomotor center
- Centers for coordination of head movement and swallowing
45
The cardiac center in the medulla is inhibitory via _______ and excitatory via _______.
CN X
| T1-T5
46
List the non-vital reflex centers located in the medulla.
```
Swallowing
Vomiting
Coughing
Sneezing
Hiccuping
```
47
The cranial portion of the roof of the medulla is called the...
Superior medullary velum
48
The caudal portion of the roof of the medulla is called the...
Inferior medullary velum
49
The caudal portion of the roof of the medulla is called the inferior medullary velum and is very then and contains what foramen?
Foramen (aperture) of Magendie
50
What are the components of the roof of the medulla?
Superior medullary velum (cranial portion)
Inferior medullary velum (caudal portion)
Posterior choroid plexus
51
In this syndrome the following things are affected:
-- Spinothalamic tract
-- Spinal trigeminal tract and nucleus
-- Fibers and nuclei of the glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, and part of the reticular formation
-- Portions of the vestibular nuclei and/or portions of the inferior cerebellar peduncle
Wallenberg's syndrome
52
Results of the Wallenberg's syndrome includes --
-- Loss of pain and temperature on the contralateral side (_________ tract)
-- Loss of pain and temperature on the same side of the face and nasal and oral cavities (uncrossed ______ _______ tract)
-- Difficulty swallowing and a hoarse, weak voice due to damage to _______ _______
-- Loss of gag reflex on the same side and absence of sensation of the same side due to damage to __________ nerve
Spinothalamic
Spinal trigeminal
Nucleus ambiguous
Glossopharyngeal
53
In the pons, this fiber tract travels through the middle cerebellar peduncles and connects the pons to the cerebellum.
Transverse
54
In the pons, this fiber tract is both sensory and motor. It connects the spinal cord to the upper brain stem and most pass through the pons without synapsing.
Longitudinal
55
Two longitudinal tracts synapse in the pons. _________ tracts synapse on pontine nuclei and some _________ tracts synapse with neurons in the trigeminal motor nucleus and neurons in the facial nucleus.
Corticopontine
| Corticobulbar
56
The pons has what cranial nerve nuclei?
V, VI, VII, VIII (part)
57
The pontine is responsible for relaying information from the ________ to ________.
Cerebrum
| Cerebellum
58
The pons has other centers, which include...
Sleep
| Respiratory (Pneumotaxic; Apneustic)
59
A lesion in the lateral half of the pons affects what?
Trigeminal nerve
Medial lemniscus
Pontocerebellar fibers
60
A lesion to the lateral half of the pons affects the trigeminal nerve, resulting in:
-- Loss of general sensation to the face on the same side
-- Paralysis to the muscles of _________, with the chin deviating to the side of the lesion
Mastication
61
A lesion to the lateral half of the pons affects the medial lemniscus, resulting in a loss of position, muscle, and joint sense on the (SAME/OPPOSITE) side.
Opposite
62
A lesion to the lateral half of the pons affects the pontocerebellar fibers, resulting in ________, coarse intention tremor, and tendency to fall to the same side as the lesion.
Hypotonia
63
A lesion to what location on the pons is caused by occlusion to the basilar artery that spares the reticular formation and interrupts the corticospinal and some corticobulbar tracts.
Bilateral lesions to the ventral pons
64
A bilateral lesion to the ventral pons results in a patient who is _________ and unable to speak or have tongue or facial movements. The patients are conscious and can communicate with eye movements if the _________ fibers to the oculomotor nuclei are intact.
Quadriplegic
| Corticobulbar
65
Extensive bilateral lesions involving the pons and the midbrain reticular formation are associated with...
Coma
66
What are the nuclei in the midbrain?
```
CN nuclei III and IV
Red nucleus (nucleus ruber)
```
67
This nuclei of the midbrain is involved in unconscious regulation and coordination of motor activities.
Red nucleus (nucleus ruber)
68
In the midbrain, the _______ consists of the superior and inferior colliculi.
Tectum
69
The (SUPERIOR/INFERIOR) colliculi is responsible for visual reflexes. It is involved in visual tracking of moving objects.
Superior
70
The (SUPERIOR/INFERIOR) colliculi is responsible for auditory and olfactory reflexes.
Inferior
71
This is gray matter surrounding the cerebral aquaduct involved in pain suppression. It coordinates somatic and autonomic reactions to pain, threats, and emotions. Activity results in fight-or-flight reactions and in vocalization during laughing and crying.
Periaquaductal gray
72
In ______ ______, transection of the midbrain at the midcollicular level causes decerebration (disconnection) of cerebral control. The patient is comatose.
Decerebrate rigidity
73
In decerebrate rigidity, the _______ system drives the rigidity which is released from control by higher centers.
Vestibular
74
This type of fish has cell bodies of the cerebellum on the surface, and the cerebellum does not bulge out as it does in other craniates.
Agnathans
75
This type of fish has a well-developed cerebellum and restiform bodies.
Chondrichthyes
76
In this type of fish, the cerebellum is more developed. It is larger in the fishes than amphibians because swimming involves schooling, vertical movements, adjusting to water currents and keeping the dorsal part of the body from tipping over.
Teleosts
77
In these the cerebellum is poorly developed. Aquatic urodeles rely more on spinal cord reflexes and primitive hindbrain nuclei for muscle swimming coordination.
Amphibians
78
In these, there is a poorly developed metencephalon. The cerebellum is more developed in swimmers, and there are floccular lobes which may correspond to restiform bodies.
Reptiles
79
In these there is a very large cerebellum, which is associated with flight. There are also well-developed floccular lobes.
Birds
80
In these there is a well-developed cerebellum. It is controlled by motor cortex in the cerebral hemispheres and is connected to the brainstem by three pairs of large fiber tracts called peduncles.
Mammals
81
The three large peduncles (cerebral tracts) that connect the cerebellum to the brainstem are superior to the ________, middle to the ________, and inferior to the ________.
Midbrain
Cerebellum
Medulla
82
The roof of the mesencephalon is the _______ which displays a prominent pair of optic lobes in all craniates.
Tectum
83
The _______ lobes in craniates contain gray matter masses, serve as reflex and relay centers for impulses from the retina, and are especially large in birds.
Optic
84
Chondrichthyes and amphibians have (WELL/POOR) developed optic lobes and tracts.
Well
85
In amniotes there are two pairs of dorsal lobes, called...
```
Optic lobes (superior colliculi)
Auditory lobes (inferior colliculi)
```
86
In amniotes there are two pairs of dorsal lobes called the optic lobes and the auditory lobes. Collectively, these are called...
Corpora quadrigemina
87
The floor (basal plate) of the mesencephalon is the _________ and it carries large fiber tracts and red nuclei in mammals.
Tegmentum
88
This lies along the midline of the medulla and midbrain. It's important in maintaining wakefulness and damage may result in permanent coma.
Reticular formation
89
All sensory input that enters the brain via the medulla is also sent to neurons of the _______ _______.
Reticular formation
90
The reticular formation receives input from ______ ______ and may use this input as a basis for its decisions.
Cerebral cortex
91
The reticular formation functions in:
- - Modulates sensation of ______
- - Modulates certain postural reflexes and muscle tone
- - Helps control ________ and ________
- - Regulates level of brain arousal and consciousness
Pain
Breathing
Heartbeat
92
The RAS (reticular activating system) is made up of diffuse aggregations of cells. It has a __________ zone that consists of large cells restricted to the medial 2/3 of the reticular formation, and the __________ zone has small cell found in lateral regions.
Magnocellular
| Parvocellular
93
The magnocellular zone is characterized by a specific type of neuron with long radiating ________. They spread out in a plane perpendicular to long axis of brain stem and are suited to pick up information from a variety of sources.
Dendrites
