23 - Brain II Flashcards by Staci Thomas

What are the major components of the diencephalon?

Epithalamus
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

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The epithalamus has what components?

Pineal body
Parapineal body (organ)
Choroid plexus
Habenulae

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What are the components of the hypothalamus?

Optic chiasma (is cephalic boundary) 
Infundibular recess and stalk
Posterior pituitary (pars nervosa)

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This part of the epithalamus is thought to be involved in emotional and visceral responses to odors.

Habenular nuclei

Pineal body

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The habenular nuclei and pineal body projects to the septal nuclei (in thalamus) via…

Stria medullaris thalami

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The habenular nuclei projects to the interpeduncular nucleus via…

Habenulointerpeduncular tract

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The pineal body secretes _________, which regulates circadian rhythms. Activity is modulated by light-dark cycle.

Melatonin

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Calcification of the _______ _______ accrues with maturity, and lesions of this are associated with precocious puberty.

Pineal body

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This makes up 80 percent of the diencephalon.

Thalamus

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The thalamus is separated from the hypothalamus via the…

Hypothalamic sulcus (groove)

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Landmarks in the thalamus are…

Optic recess
Infundibular recess
Pineal recess

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The thalamus has two commissures, which are the ________ and is above the pineal recess, and the ________ which is below the pineal recess.

Habenular

Posterior

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This is what relays all sensory information except smell to the cerebral cortex. It provides crude awareness.

Thalamus

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T/F. The thalamus provides the initial autonomic response of the body to intense pain (physiologic shock).

True

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This type of sensory relay nuclei in the thalamus is auditory and projects to the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe.

Medial geniculate body

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This type of sensory relay nuclei in the thalamus is visual and projects to the primary visual cortex in the occipital cortex.

Lateral geniculate body

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This type of sensory relay nuclei in the thalamus provides general sensations and taste.

Ventral posterior nuclei

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This type of motor relay nuclei in the thalamus is voluntary motor.

Ventral lateral

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This type of motor relay nuclei in the thalamus is voluntary motor and arousal.

Ventral anterior

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The ________ ________ nuclei modify neuronal activity in the thalamus. It may be involved in regulating sleep-wakefulness cycle and levels of awareness.

Thalamus reticular

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The ________ nuclei in the thalamus is concerned with certain emotions and memory. It receives input from the hippocampus and mamillary bodies (mamillothalamic tract).

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The white matter of the thalamus contains what?

Internal capsule
Stratum zonale
External medullary lamina
Internal medullary lamina

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T/F. The thalamus controls/integrates ANS.

False. The hypothalamus controls/integrates ANS.

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The (ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR) hypothalamus raises arterial blood pressure and increases heart rate.

Posterior

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The (ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR) hypothalamus lowers arterial blood pressure and decreases heart rate (anterior).

ADH and oxytocin is produced by what?

Hypothalamus

What controls normal body temperature, regulates food intake, and maintains extracellular fluid volume?

Hypothalamus

What contains the sexual center in the brain?

Hypothalamus

This nuclei in the hypothalamus is involved in olfactory reflexes and emotional responses to odors. It relay stations for olfactory neurons to inferior colliculi.

Mammillary bodies

This nuclei in the hypothalamus send projections (axons) that release neurohormones oxytocin and vasopressin into capillaries in the posterior pituitary.

Supraoptic nuclei

This nuclei in the hypothalamus is located immediately above the optic chiasma. It acts as a master biologic clock, controlling circadian and circannual rhythms.

Suprachiasmatic nuclei

This nuclei of the hypothalamus is a caudal continuation of the medial pre-optic area.

Anterior nuclei

The _________ nuclei modifies neuronal activity in the thalamus. It may be involved in regulating sleep-wakefulness cycle and levels of awareness.

Reticular

The ________ nuclei is concerned with certain emotions and memory and receives input from the hippocampus and mamillary bodies.

This is a complex of nuclei that form floor and ventrolateral walls of third ventricle.

Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus is a major center for homeostasis and controls autonomic nervous system. The anterior nuclei is generally associated with (PARASYMPATHETIC/SYMPATHETIC) functions and the posterior nuclei is generally associated with (PARASYMPATHETIC/SYMPATHETIC) functions.

Parasympathetic | Sympathetic

What are the components of the telencephalon?

Cerebrum Olfactory tract and bulbs Striatum Lamina terminalis

This component of the telencephalon consists of paired right and left hemispheres, each with a ventricle (lateral ventricles).

Cerebrum

This component of the telencephalon develop as anterior extensions from the floor of the telencephalon.

Olfactory tract and bulbs

This component of the telencephalon refers to the collection of basal nuclei (basal ganglia) that develop in the floor of the telencephalon.

Striatum

This component of the telencephalon is the original cephalic boundary of the neural tube and separates the two lateral ventricles.

Lamina terminalis

The primitive roof of the telencephalon is the _______. It lacks a true cortex and serves as a primitive sensory and association area and receives information from the olfactory apparatus and some from the thalamus.

Pallium

This cerebral lobe integrates eye focusing movements and correlates visual images with visual memory. It is involved with conscious perception of vision.

Occipital lobe

What separates the occipital lobe and the parietal lobe?

Parietooccipital sulcus

This cerebral lobe deals with somatesthetic interpretation via the postcentral gyrus, as well as understanding speech via the auditory association cortex and Wernicke's area. It allows you to formulate words to express thoughts and emotions.

Parietal lobe

This cerebral deals with voluntary motor control via the precentral gyrus, as well as motivation, aggression, mood, personality, cognitive processes, and verbal communication via Broca's area.

Frontal lobe

This cerebral lobe receives/interprets olfactory and auditory sensations. It's responsible for storage of memory related to auditory and visual experiences.

Temporal lobe

This lobe is not always considered a separate cerebral lobe. It is not observed from the surface and is involved with memory. It contains a psychic cortex that associates with the highest levels of brain function including abstract thought and judgment.

Insula

Mammals have an internal capsule that connects the cortex with the ________.

Brainstem

Mammals have a _______ _______ which connects the neocortex of the two hemispheres.

Corpus callosum

The ________ forms the floor of the telencephalon and is made up of the telencephalic basal nuclei.

Striatum

The ______ ______ is the primitive basal nucleus found in fishes and all other vertebrates.

Globus pallidus

This association tract interconnects adjacent gyri.

Arcuate tracts

This association tract connects frontal, parietal, temporal cortical areas on the medial side of each hemisphere.

Cingulum

This association tract interconnects areas within the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes.

Superior longitudinal fasciculus

This association tract is located in the medial part of the hemisphere underneath lateral extension of corpus callosum. It interconnects the frontal lobe with more posterior parts of the hemisphere.

Superior occipitofrontal fasciculus

This association tract runs between the occipital and frontal lobes in the lateral part of each hemisphere under the insula.

Inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus

This association tract makes a sharp bend around the lateral fissure. It interconnects the orbital surface of the frontal lobe with the rostral part of the temporal lobe.

Uncinate fasciculus

This commissural tract contains about 300 million fibers and interconnects the neocortical areas in all lobes. It unifies awareness and attention between the two lobes and permits a sharing of learning and memory.

Corpus callosum

This commissural tract interconnects areas within the two temporal lobes.

Anterior commissure

This commissural tract connects cerebral hemispheres with superior colliculi.

Posterior commissure

This commissural tract interconnects two hippocampal formations.

Hippocampal commissure

This projection tract goes to the cerebral cortex and is mostly from the thalamus. It forms part of the internal capsule and diverges toward the cerebral cortex. It also forms part of corona radiata.

Corticopetal

This projection tract originates in different parts of the cerebral cortex. It converges toward the basal nuclei and the thalamus. It forms part of the corona radiata and internal capsule.

Corticofugal

_________ fibers project within internal capsule from cerebral cortex to thalamus.

Corticothalamic

_________ fibers project within internal capsule from thalamus to cerebral cortex.

Thalamocortical

__________ fibers projects to pontine nuclei in the pons and pontine nuclei project to cerebellum.

Corticopontine

__________ projections are part of pyramidal tracts. It originates mostly in motor cortex and projects to cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem.

Corticobulbar

__________ projections are part of pyramidal tracts. It originates mostly in the motor cortex and projects to cell groups throughout all parts of spinal cord.

Corticospinal

__________ projections originate in motor and somatosensory cortex and project to brainstem reticular formations.

Corticoreticular

This is a major projection system between the hippocampus in the temporal lobe and the diencephalon.

Fornix

The _________ tract originates in the lateral geniculate body. It runs in lateral direction in the internal capsule and makes a sharp bend (Meyer's loop) then runs in caudal direction toward calcarine fissure in occipital lobe.

Geniculocalcarine

The _______ system deals with the "emotional" brain. Emotional and motivational aspects of behavior, and provides emotional component to learning process (especially the amygdala). It is also associated with memory, pain/pleasure, and rage.

Limbic

This is a large nuclear group in the temporal lobe. It receives information from the olfactory tract, limbic cortex and various regions of the neocortex.

Amygdala

This functions in feeding and drinking, agnostic (fighting) behavior, mating and maternal care, and responses to physical or emotional stresses.

Amygdala

Pathologies (lesions) can lead to voracious appetite, increased (perverse) sexual activity, docility (loss of normal fear/anger response), memory loss, and __________ syndrome.

Kluver-Bucy

This syndrome results from bilateral destruction of the amygdala. Its characteristics include an increase in sexual activity, compulsive tendency to place objects in mouth, decreased emotionality, changes in eating behavior, and visual agnosia.

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

Damage to the hippocampus portion results in cells undergoing ________-induced changes associated with memory.

Calcium

The amygdala receives information from the cerebral cortex, olfactory system, thalamus, and brainstem reticular formation. It then delivers this information to the _________.

Hypothalamus