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Biology > Biology CH 2: test review > Flashcards

Biology CH 2: test review Flashcards

Chapter 2 Test Review

0
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Outer core of a virus is made up of

A

A capsid (determines shape if virus)or even an envelop ( phosolipid)

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1
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Scientist consider viruses non living because they

A

Don’t exhibit all the criteria of life. ( no respiration, grow, or develop) all viruses can do is replicate (making copies) but not without a host cell.

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2
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Viral DNA that is integrated into the hosts cells chromosome is called _____.

A

Provirus

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3
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

____ cell in which a virus replicates

A

Host cell

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4
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

_____, an enzyme it carries inside the capsid. (helps produce double strand DNA from the viral DNA.

A

Reverse transcriptase

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5
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

____ is a small misfolded protein which alters normal protein structures.

A

Prion

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6
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Bursting of a cell____

A

Lysis

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7
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

____ are composed of nucleic acids enclosed in a protein coat and are smaller than the smallest bacterium.

A

Viruses

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8
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Viruses may have originated from ___

A

Their host cells

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9
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

_____ “naked” RNA fragments that infect plants

A

Viroid

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10
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Viruses may have evolved with life as

A

Prices of cellular DNA/RNA that became independent and could move cell to cell.

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11
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Measles, Shingles, aids are ____.

A

Lytic

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12
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

HIV

  1. specific for_____
  2. is a ______
A

White blood cells

Retrovirus

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13
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Lytic cycles steps are

A

Attachment, entry (inject nucleic acid), replication , assembly, lysis and release, again….

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14
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Outer protein coat …

A

Capsid

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15
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

A virus that infects a bacterium is called a ____

A

Bacteriophage

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16
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Viruses infect ___ ______

A

All organisms

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17
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Lysogenic cycle steps are

A

Attachment, entry, provirus formation(provirus become part of host chromosome), cell division (hides in chromosome)…. Lytic

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18
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Herpes, chicken pox, and cold sores are ______

A

Lysogenic

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19
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

What is the active transport process by which material are expelled from a cell, releases new viruses from the host cell.

A

Exocytosis

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20
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Inner for of a virus is made up of

A

Nucleic acid ( RNA or DNA) aka genetic material ( instructions for making copies)

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21
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

The RNA virus with the most comples replication cycles is the ___

A

Retrovirus

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22
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Viruses named after

A

The disease they cause , or the organ or tissue they affect.

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23
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Botulism is caused by endospores of c.botulism that have

  • been killed
  • produced toxins
  • germinated
  • reproduced
A

Produced toxins

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24
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Characteristics of mycoplasma

A

Lack of cell wall, some cause diseases and are resistant to penicillin, antibiotics are useless because they target the cell wall.

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25
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Chemo synthetic autotrophs

A

organic molecules make food, get energy from inorganic compounds( sulfur and nitrogen) through chemosynthesis

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26
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Groups of archaebacteria

A

Thermoacidophiles, halophiles, methanogens

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27
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Characteristics of bacteria

A

Prokaryotic, micro-microscopic, unicellular, no membrane bound organelles, contain DNA, reproduce asexually (binary fission) (cloning) found EVERYWHERE

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28
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Scientist think the first bacteria on earth were …

  • aerobic
  • anaerobic
  • fatal
  • oxygen-dependent
A

Anaerobic

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29
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Gram positive characteristics

A

Thick peptidoglycan walls, some are sources of antibiotics and some are used in food production. ( yogurt)

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30
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Prokaryotic characteristics

A

No membrane bound organelles, no nucleus, smallest type of a cell, least complex, unicellular, can’t be seen under a microscope

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31
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

____the basic units of living organisms. Two categories of cells _______, and _______

A

Cells; eubacteria, prokaryotic

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32
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Bacteria = _______

A

Prokaryotic

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33
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Similarities between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

1) Enclosed by plasma membranes.
2) Contain ribosomes.
3) Have DNA.
4) Filled with cytoplasm.

34
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Bacteria that are obligate anaerobes release energy from food by…

  • cellular respiration -using oxygen
  • using nitrogen. - fermentation
A

Cellular respiration

35
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Binary fission or conjugation

-Two identical cells are produced

A

Binary fission

36
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Nitrogen is important to all organisms to produce …

A

Proteins, ATP, DNA

37
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Bacteria are not used to make

  • vinegar
  • jams
  • cheese
  • yogurt
A

Jams

38
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Cell theory

A

1.all known living things are made up of one or more cells.2. The cell is the basis if structural and functional unit of all living things.3. All cells come from pre-existing cells by division.

39
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

3 major groups defined by

A

Their cell wall

Mycoplasma, gram positive, gram negative

40
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A
  1. ) size ( prokaryote smaller)
  2. ) organelles (p=no, e= yes)
  3. ) nucleus (p=no, e= yes)
41
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Thermoacidophiles characteristics

A

Hot acidic habitats,enzymes still work in high temps.

42
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Heterotrophs

A

Eubacteria that live almost anywhere and use organic molecules as their food source . Parasites obtain n from living org. Saprophytes feed off dead/organic waste.

43
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Binary fission or conjugation

-Sexual reproduction occurs

A

Neither

44
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Binary fission or conjugation

-genetic material is transferred through a pilus

A

Conjugation

45
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Anaerobes

A

Killed by oxygen

46
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Binary fission or conjugation

- bacterium with new genetic makeup is produced.

A

Conjugation

47
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Gram negative

A 
Lighter color (pink) because they have thin peptidoglycan walls
Responsible for O2 in air.
48
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Methanogens characteristics

A

Chemotrophs, anaerobic, produce methane ( sewage disposal plants, marshes, digestive tract of cow.

49
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Examples of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Bacteria,?

50
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Eubacteria and archae similarities

A

Both prokaryotic, get nutrition through wastes.

51
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Archaebacteria characteristics

A

Most ancient of all organisms, live in extreme environments, cell walls lack peptidoglycan (protein coat+sugar)

52
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Three common shapes of bacteria…

A

Rods (bacilli), spheres(cocci), spirals (spirilla)

53
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Eukaryotes characteristics

A

Areas are seperated by membranes, specialized organelles with functions.

54
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

As an endospore, a bacterium…

  • produces toxins
  • dries out
  • causes diseases
  • is protected
A

Is protected

55
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Binary fission or conjugation

-Circular chromosome is copied

A

Binary fission and conjugation

56
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

________ form of sexual reproduction. Bridge like structure called polis transfers chromosomes to other cells.

A

Conjugation

57
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Halophiles characteristics

A

Salty habitats ( the dead sea, the great salt lake)

58
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

An____ is a tiny structure that contains a bacteriums DNA and a small amount of its cytoplasm, encased by a rough outer cover that resists drying out, temp extremes, and hatch chemicals.

A

Endospores

59
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

______ ________ a process in which bacteria reproduce asexually.

A

Binary fission

60
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Photosynthesis autotrophs

A

Eubacteria live in sunlit places so the organic molecules can make food. Cyanobacteria (blue green)

61
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Eubacteria characteristics

A

Cause human disease, very diverse

62
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Aerobes

A

Require oxygen

63
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Anaerobic denitrifying

A

Eubacteria will convert NO3 back to N2

64
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

What kind of eubacteria convert nitrate ions into nitrate ions?

A

Nitrifying bacteria

65
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Nitrogen fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into _____

A

ammonia (NH3)

66
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

All living things need nitrogen. Name two important biological molecules that contain nitrogen

A

Proteins and lipids.

67
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

78% of atomosphere is made up of nitrogen gas.

A

.

68
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Some of this ammonia dissolves in water in the soil where it reacts with hydrogen ions to form

A

Ammonium NH4+

69
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

The planet themselves do not fix the nitrogen, this, instead, is carried out by bacteria which live in the plants _____in swellings called _______

A

Roots, nodules

70
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

What kind of environmental conditions are nitrifying bacteria under?

A

Aerobic, with the presence of oxygen

71
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Where is the majority of nitrogen on the earth found?

A

In the atmosphere

72
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

What forms of nitrogen are plants able to utilize ?

A

NH3, NH4+, NO3-

73
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Since nitrogen-fixing eubacteria make their own food (energy) from nitrogen gas and not the sun, they are called ___

A

Chemo synthetic

74
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

The nitrogen cycle is

A

The recycling of nitrogen between the biotic, and abiotic parts of our environment.

75
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

What group of plants is associated with nitrogen fixation?

A

Legumes

76
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

_____ _____ eubacterial in soil and legume root modules covert N2 to NH3.

A

Nitrogen fixing

77
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

____ eubacteria (2types) convert NH4 to NO2- to NO3-

A

Nitrifying

78
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Nitrogen 5 major forms

A 
N2= nitrogen gas
NH3= ammonia 
NH4+= ammonium 
NO3-= nitrate 
NO2-= nitrite
79
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

What kind of eubacteria convert ammonia ions to nitrate ions?

A

Nitrifying bacteria

80
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Is nitrogen in the atmosphere (n2) form usable to most organisms

A

No

81
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Denitrifying are under what environmental conditions

A

Anaerobic , no oxygen present

82
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

What type of eubacteria complete the cycle by returning nitrogen to the atomosphere?

A

Denitrifying bacteria

83
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Driven by ____

A

Eubacteria

Biology (14 decks)

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