Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Human Anatomy > 224 Lecture Exam 3 > Flashcards

224 Lecture Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Immune system

A

Not an organ system

Throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Functions of the lymphatic system

A 
Immunity
Lipid absorption 
Fluid recovery 
Transport lymph**
Gathering fluid from lymphatic system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Lacteals

A

Special lymphatic vessels

In the small intestines and absorb dietary lipid that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is lymph?

A

-Clear, colorless fluid, similar to plans a, but much less proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Largest lymphatic vessels

A

Collecting ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

Receives lymph from right arm, right side of head and thorax; empties into right subclavian vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Thoracic duct

A

Larger and longer, begins as a sac in abdomen called the cisterns chili; receives lymph from below diaphragm, left arm, left side of head, neck, and thorax; empties into left subclavian vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Neutrophils

A

Antibacterial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Natural killer (NK) cell

A

attack and destroy bacteria, transplanted tissue, host cells infected with viruses or that turned cancerous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

T lymphocytes (T cells)

A

Mature in thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

B lymphocytes (B cells)

A

Activation causes proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells that produce antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Lymphatic (lymphoid) tissue

A

Aggregations of lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Lymphatic nodules (follicles)

A

Dense masses of lymphocytes and macrophages

Aggregated lymphoid nodules: dense clusters in the ileum, the distal portion of the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Three main sets of tonsils

A

Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils
Pharyngeal tonsil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Palatine tonsils

A

Pair at posterior margin of oral cavity
Most often infected
Largest
Mainly taken out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Lingual tonsils

A

Pair at root of tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pharyngeal tonsil

A

Single tonsil on wall of nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Innate immunity

A

Nonspecific defense mechanisms has physical barriers (skin, chemicals in blood) and immune cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Antigen-specific immune response. Antigen has to be processed and recognized. Army of immune cells attack antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pathogens

A

Agents capable of producing disease

-include viruses, bacteria, and fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Three lines of defenses against pathogens

A

First: skin and mucous membranes
Second: several innate defense mechanisms
- leukocytes and macrophages, anti microbial proteins, natural killer cells, inflammation, and fever
Third: adaptive immunity
-defeats a pathogen and leaves the body with a “memory” of it so it can defeat it faster in the future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Two families of antimicrobial proteins

A

Interferons

Complement system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Interferons

A

Of no benefit to the cell that secreted them

  • secreted by certain cells infected by viruses
  • alert neighboring cells and protect them from becoming infected
  • bind to surface receptors on neighboring cells
  • activate NK cells to destroy infected cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Phagocytes

A

Cells that engulf foreign matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Neutrophils
Wander I connective tissue killing bacteria - can kill using phagocytosis and digestion - can kill by producing a cloud of bactericidal chemicals
26
Eosinophils
Found especially in mucosa membranes | -guard against parasites, allergens (allergy-causing agents), and other pathogens
27
Basophils
Secrete chemicals that aid mobility and action of other leukocytes - histamine: a vasodilator, which increases blood flow - leukotrienes: activate and attract neutrophils and eosinophils
28
Monocytes
Transform into macrophages
29
Lymphocytes
Three basic categories: T, B, and NK cells | -NK cells are part of innate immunity, all others are part of adaptive immunity; helper T cells function in both
30
Three characteristics distinguish adaptive immunity from innate immunity
- systemic effect: throughout the body - specificity: immunity directed against a particular pathogen - memory: when reexposed to the same pathogen, the body reacts so quickly that there is no noticeable illness
31
Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity
- lymphocytes directly attack and destroy foreign cells or diseased host cells - rids the body of pathogens that reside inside human cells, where they are inaccessible to antibodies
32
Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity
- mediated by antibodies that do not directly destroy a pathogen but tag it for destruction - many antibodies are dissolved in body fluids (“humors”)
33
Natural active immunity (adaptive immunity)
Production of one’s own antibodies or T cells as a result of infection or natural exposure to antigen
34
Artificial active immunity (adaptive immunity)
Production of one’s own antibodies or T cells as a result of vaccination against disease
35
Natural passive immunity (adaptive immunity)
Temporary immunity that results from antibodies produced by another person -fetus acquires antibodies from mother through placenta, milk
36
Artificial passive immunity (adaptive immunity)
Temporary immunity that results from the injection of immune serum (antibodies) from another person or animal -treatment for snakebite, botulism, rabies, tetanus, and other diseases
37
Antigen-presenting cells
T cells cannot recognize antigens on their own. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are required -dendritic cells, macrophages, reticular cells, and B cells function as APCs
38
Role of the cytotoxic T cell
``` Cytotoxic T (Tc) cells are the only T cells that directly attack other cells Docking itself on cell and deliver perforin and granzymes-kill cells in same manner NK cells Interferons- inhibits viral replication- recruit and activate macrophages ```
39
Humoral immunity
Humoral immunity is a more indirect method of defense than cellular immunity Works in three stages Recognition Attack Memory
40
B lymphocytes
produce antibodies that bind to antigens and tag them for destruction
41
Functions of the respiratory system
Gas exchange, communication, olfaction, and acid-base balance
42
What is the role of CO2
pH balance
43
Cells of the alveolus
``` Squamous (type I) Great (type II) Alveolar macrophages (dust cells) ```
44
Squamous
Thin, broad cells that allow for rapid gas diffusion | Cover 95%
45
Great
Round to cuboidal cells that cover the remaining 5% of alveolar surface Repair the alveolar epithelium when the squamous (type I) cells are damaged
46
Alveolar macrophages
Most numerous of all cells in the lung | Keep alveoli free from debris by phagocytizing dust particles
47
Alveoli
Each alveolus surrounded by a basket of capillaries supplied by the pulmonary artery
48
Two factors to influence airway resistance
Diameter of the bronchioles | Pulmonary compliance
49
Composition of air
- 78.6% nitrogen - 20.9% oxygen - 0.04% carbon dioxide - 0% to 4% water vapor, depending on temperature and humidity - Minor gases argon, neon, helium, methane, and ozone
50
Dalton’s law
Total atmospheric pressure is the sun of the contributions of the individual gases
51
Gas transport
The process of carrying gases from the alveoli to the systemic tissues and Vice Versa
52
Systemic gas exchange
The unloading of O2 and loading of CO2 at the systemic capillaries
53
What does the addition of CO2 generate?
HCO3- and H+ | H+ binds to hemoglobin allowing oxygen to be put into blood
54
Four body systems carry out excretion
Respiratory system Integumentary system Digestive system Urinary system
55
Organs of urinary system
Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra
56
Urea formation
Proteins are catalyze to urea
57
Nephrons
1.2 million of them
58
Renal corpuscle
Filters the blood plasma
59
Renal tubule
Long, coiled tube that converts the filtrate into urine
60
Renal corpuscles consist of
Glomerus and a two layer glomerular capsule | Filter at ion occurs in podoctyes
61
Proximal convoluted tubule
PCTs alone account for about 6% of the one’s resting ATP and calorie consumption
62
The role of collecting ducts
concentrate the urine (hypertonic) and conserve water (wastes and NaCl pass though) The goal: get as salty as possible to maximize water reabsorption
63
Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
Regulated by aldosterone
64
Micturition
What eliminates urine
65
Ureters
Transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
66
Appearance of urine
Urochrome pigment causes yellow color Pyuria is pus in urine Hematuria is blood in urine
67
Osmosis
Movement of water from one fluid compartment to another
68
Osmoreceptors
``` In hypothalamus (govern fluid intake) -respond to angiotensin II ```
69
How to control water output
Only way to control water output significantly is through variation in urine volume - kidneys cannot replace water or electrolytes - can only slow rate of water and electrolyte loss until water and electrolytes can be ingested
70
Sweating vs cold air
raises blood pressure which inhibits ADH secretion Cold air is drier and increases respiratory water loss also reducing blood volume
71
Edema
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces, causing swelling of tissues
72
Primary role of Aldosterone
Adjusting sodium excretion and increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion

Human Anatomy (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions