Exam 1 Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
Anatomy
A
The study of form
2
Q
Physiology
A
The study of function
3
Q
Organ system
A
Group of organs with a unique collective function
We have 11
4
Q
Organ
A
2 or more tissues
Carries out a particular function
5
Q
Tissue
A
Similar cells and ell products, part of an organ, carries out a particular function
6
Q
Situs solitus
A
Normal
7
Q
Situs inversus
A
Inverted organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities, sometimes incomplete
8
Q
Dextrocardia
A
Right-left reversal of the heart
9
Q
Situs perversus
A
When a single organ is out of place
10
Q
Homeostasis
A
Maintenance of relatively stable conditions
Your body maintains conditions close to a set point no matter what the outside conditions are
A living system that is at equilibrium with its environment is actually dead
11
Q
Evolution
A
Genetic change from generation to generation
12
Q
Dynamic equilibrium
A
Balanced change
13
Q
Negative feedback
A
A change away from the set point is sensed
Mechanisms are activated that negate or reverse the change
Examples: vasodilation and sweating to cool the body and vasoconstriction to help warm the body
14
Q
Receptor
A
Senses the change
15
Q
Integrating center
A
Examines the input information and makes a decision
16
Q
Effector
A
Carries out the response
17
Q
Positive feedback loop
A
Self amplifying because the effector causes more of the stimulus
18
Q
Ventral
A
Towards the front or belly
19
Q
Dorsal
A
Towards the back or spine
20
Q
Anterior
A
Towards the ventral side
21
Q
Posterior
A
Towards the dorsal side
22
Q
Superior
A
Above
23
Q
Inferior
A
Below
24
Q
Medial
A
Towards the median plane
25
Lateral
Away from the median plane
26
Proximal
Closer to the point of attachment or origin
27
Distal
Farther from the point of attachment or origin
28
Superficial
Closer to the body surface
29
Deep
Farther from the body surface
30
Pleural cavities
Lungs
31
Pericardial cavity
Heart
32
Abdominal cavity
Digestive organs, spleen, kidneys
33
Pelvic cavity
Bladder, rectum, reproductive organs
34
Viscus
Body organ
35
Solvent
The liquid medium something is dissolved in
36
Solute
The “something” dissolved in the solvent
37
Solution
A homogeneous mixture of dissolved solute and solution
38
Osmosis
Water solutions on two sides of a membrane try to move either solvent or solute to even put the concentration of water and solute
39
Chemical equilibrium
A working definition
A reaction or physical process will tend to go in a particular direction
A reaction or physical process will tend to only go so far
Where it goes is inherent to the chemicals involved and conditions (temperature, pressure)
The amount of situation A relative to situation B
40
Metabolism
The sum of chemical reactions taking place in the body; some of them build up complicated molecules to build our bodies; some of them break down complicated molecules for energy
41
Anabolism
The reactions that build up molecules in the body; energy is used to make complicated molecules; the energy is stored in newly made molecules
42
Catabolism
The reactions that break down complicated molecules in order to get energy
43
Carbohydrates
Sugars (can be broken down in catabolic reactions for energy)
Hydrophilic
Monosaccharide- monomer
Disaccharide- two monosaccharides (fructose+glucose= sucrose)
Polysaccharide- polymer of monosaccharides
44
Lipids
Fats
This is a functional definition for almost everything in the body that is not soluble in water
They are all hydrophobic
45
Proteins
Enzymes
Amino acid- the monomer of a protein
Dipeptide- two amino acids put together
Peptide, polypeptide, or protein- a polymer of many (usually different) amino acids
46
Glycogen
```
A typical polysaccharide
Polyglucose
Branched
The body’s storage form of glucose
The individual glucose monomers can be broken off (catabolism) and out back on (anabolism)
```
47
Triglycerides
This is a form of lipid that is used for energy storage
| Cis and trans bonds and health
48
Protein structure
Important for the function of a protein
If a protein does not “fold” correctly it can cause disease (Alzheimer’s and Mad Cow)
Proteins carry out almost all the reactions in the body (enzymes)
49
A chiral molecule
You can switch this at the carbon
Carbon bound to 4 different things is special this way
Called chirality- very common in biological molecules
Molecule man demonstration
50
Cell sizes
- Some cells grow and eventually divide
- They need to divide because there is a limit to the size a cell can grow
- Limited by surface area to volume ratio
- Diameter, surface area, and volume
- do a calculation
51
Cell structure
Cell parts
ICF (intracellular fluid,cytosol)
ECF(extracellular fluid)
Cell structure is important for human physiology
52
Membrane lipids
```
The membrane is like a solution
The solvent is made of membrane lipids
Phospholipids (75%)
- hydrophilic heads
- hydrophobic tails
-forms a bilayer
Cholesterol (20%)
- hydrophilic head chain
- hydrophobic tail (the rings)
- controls membrane fluidity
Glycolipids (5%)
- simulate to a phospholipid but have a carb chain attached to the cell out surface side
- helps to form the carb-based glucocalyx
```
53
Transmembrane proteins
Span the membrane and move laterally in it
Hydrophobic in the membrane, hydrophilic on the surfaces
Many have carb groups (glycoproteins)
Some are anchored in the cytoskeleton
54
Receptors
Binds a molecule on the cell surface and relays the message that the molecule carries to the inside of the cell
Specific for one molecule, often specific for one type of cell
55
Enzymes
Helps carry out chemical reactions that happened on, above, or below the cell surface
56
Carriers
Transfer a solute from one side of the membrane to the other, uses energy
57
Cell-identity markers
Glycoproteins on cell surface that work as an ID card to tell other cell what type of cell it is. Differentiates host from foreign, viral infected, or cancer cells
58
Cell-adhesion molecules
Glycoproteins that make cells stick to other cells in a tissue
59
Second messengers
```
Example: epinephrine binding to a liver cell
Receptor
G-protein
Adenylate Cyclades
cAMP
Kinases
Enzymes
```
60
An inhibitor of the phosphodiesterade
Caffeine
Blocks step 7
Prolonged release of glucose
61
The glycocalyx
Carbs of glycolipids, glycoproteins, and the intercellular matrix
Chemically unique in everyone
ID tag for cells and tissues
Cell adhesion
62
Histology
The study of tissues
63
Four primary tissues
Epithelial- organ surfaces
Connective- support or protection
Nervous- transmission of coded information
Muscular- elongated, excited cells for contraction
64
Ectoderm
Outer layer, gives rise to the epidermis and nervous system
65
Endoderm
The inner layer, gives rise to mucous membranes of the digestive and respiratory tracts and to the digestive glands
66
Mesoderm
A layer of more loosely organized cells between the two layers, gives rise to medenchyne, becomes muscle, bone, and blood
67
Interpreting tissue sections
How sections are made
- preserved in fixative that makes them stiff and prevents decay
- sometimes they are embedded in plastic, wax, or are frozen
- cut into histology all sections one or two cell layers thick for clarity
- mounted on slides with permanent glass or plastic coverings
- depending on the tissue and process used, at some point they are stained
68
Epithelial tissue
```
Flat sheets of closely packed cells
Bound to a basement membrane
- not a lipid membrane
- collagen, laminin, fibronectin, heparin sulfate
Categories- simple, stratified
Shapes we have seen before
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69
Connective tissue
Mostly fibers and ground substance
Functions: binding of organs(ligaments, fats, fibers), support(bones, cartilage), physical protection(cranium, ribs, fat), immune protection (immune cells), movement (bones and cartilage), storage (fat, calcium in bone), heat production (brown fat), and transport (blood)
70
Intercellular junctions
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Keep cells together
- stiff
- flexible
- tight junctions act a seal
Allow for communication
-gap junctions
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71
Glands
Secret a substance- usually into the bloodstream, also skin surface, or into intestine
Endo- internal
Exo- external, including intestinal lumen
Most have epithelial tissue
- usually cuboidal is part of it
72
Mucous membranes
Lines passages that open to the external environment
Consists of two to three layers
- epithelium
- laminate propria- areolar connective tissue
- muscular is mucosal- smooth muscle layer
Absorptive, secretory, and protective functions
Covered with mucus
73
Tissue growth
Tissues grow during different stages of development and during repair
74
Hyperplasia
Growth due to cell multiplication
75
Hypertrophy
Growth due to cell enlargement, preexisting cells
76
Neoplasia
Development of a tumor (neoplasm), usually contains non-functional cells
77
Regeneration
When an injured part or group of cells is replaced by the same cells, restores function
78
Fibrosis
Replacement of damaged tissue by scar tissue, mainly collagen, produced by fibroblasts
