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Human Anatomy > 224 Lecture Final > Flashcards

224 Lecture Final Flashcards

1
Q

Digestive system

A

Organ system that processes food, extracts nutrients, and eliminates residue

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2
Q

Examples of chemical digestion

A

Polysaccharides into monosaccharides
Proteins into amino acids
Fats into monoglycerides
Nucleic acids into nucleotides

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3
Q

Accessory organs

A

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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4
Q

What is saliva composed of

A 
Salivary amylase
Lingual lipase
Mucus
Lysozyme
Immunoglobulin A
Electrolytes
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5
Q

Swallowing center

A

Coordinated by medulla oblongata through nerves of face

Started by trigger in brain

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6
Q

Function of the stomach

A

Mechanically breaks up food, liquefies it, and begins chemical digestion of protein and fat

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7
Q

Cells and their function

A

Mucous cells
Parietal cells
Chief cells

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8
Q

Mucous cells

A

Secrete mucus

Protect stomach from its own acid

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9
Q

Parietal cells

A

Secrete hydrochloric acid

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10
Q

Chief cells

A

Secrete gastric lipase and pepsinogen

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11
Q

Phases of gastric activity

A

Cephalic phase
Gastric phase
Intestinal phase

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12
Q

Cephalic phase

A

Stomach controlled by brain

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13
Q

Gastric phase

A

Stomach controlling itself

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14
Q

Intestinal phase

A

Stomach being controlled by small intestines

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15
Q

Function of the liver

A

Secretes bile

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16
Q

Path of bile

A

Secreted into duodenum

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17
Q

Regions of the small intestines

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum- longest

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18
Q

Protein digestion

A

Pro teases (peptidases)- enzymes that digest proteins

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19
Q

Emulsification droplets

A

Broken down further by bile, lecithin, and agitation produced by intestinal segmentation

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20
Q

Role of intestinal microbes

A

Gut microbiome
-Bacteria digest cellulose
-Help in synthesis of vitamins B and K
Flatus
-Flatus is intestinal gas and a lot of it is swallowed air, but bacteria add to it
- bacteria are involved in the formation of prt of the feces

21
Q

Body weight

A

Weight is stable of energy intake equals energy output

22
Q

Gut-brain peptides

A

Two way chemical signals between gastrointestinal tract and brain

23
Q

Short vs long term regulators

A 
Short term:
-peptide Y(PYY)
-cholecystokinin (CCK)
Long term:
-insulin
24
Q

Macronutrients

A

Must be consumed in relatively large quantities

Water, carbs, lipids, and proteins

25
Micronutrients
Only small quantities are required | Vitamins and minerals
26
Complete proteins
High quality complete proteins- provide all essential amino acids -animal proteins- meat, eggs, dairy
27
Minerals vs vitamins
Minerals- inorganic elements | Vitamins- organic compounds
28
Vitamin deficiencies
Vitamin A deficiency- night blindness; dry skin, hair, and conjunctiva; cloudy corneas, and increased incidence of infections -most common vitamin deficiency
29
Body temperature (shell temperature)
Oral cavity and skin
30
Thermoregulation
Heat-losing mechanisms - cutaneous vasodilation- increases blood flow close to the body’s surface and promotes heat loss - •if necessary, triggers sweating
31
Heat exhaustion
From severe water and electrolyte loss | From exposure to excessive heat
32
Primary sex organs (gonads)
Testis and ovaries | Gametes- sperm and egg
33
Secondary sex organs
Male- system of ducts, glands; penis delivers sperm cells | Female- uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina receive sperm and harbor developing fetus
34
Sex of child
XY- male XX- female Determined by sperm
35
Descent of the testis
Descent of the testes begins as early as 6 weeks | Stimulated by the presence of testosterone
36
Spermatic ducts
- transport sperm from testis to the urethra
37
Accessory glands
Seminal vesicles -forms 60% of semen Prostate -thin milky secretion forms 30% of semen
38
Enlarged prostate
Benign prostatic hyperplasia- non cancerous enlargement of the prostate - compresses urethra and obstructs flow of urine
39
Hormones
LH- stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone - testosterone stimulates development of the secondary sex characteristics, spermalogenesis, and libido Inhibit- nurse cells- suppresses FSH output from the pituitary, reducing sperm production -adjusts rate of sperm production (spermalogenesis) without affecting testosterone secretion
40
Spermatogenesis
Process of making sperm 1. Germ cells divide 2. Reduction of chromosomes (1/2) 3. Shuffling of genes- genetic variation Melosis- recombined genes, produces four haploid cells, with 23 chromosomes each, that will become sperm (gametes)
41
Composition of semen
Semen (seminal fluid) | - 60% seminal vesicle fluid, 30% prostatic fluid, and 10% sperm
42
Neural control
Penis is richly innervated | - innervated by the internal pudendal
43
Internal genitalia
Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
44
Female reproductive tract
Uterine tube- where ovulated egg is released, fertilization occurs
45
Puberty (female)
Estrogens are feminizing hormones with widespread effects on the body The earliest sign of puberty is the inset of breast development
46
Menstrual cycle
The cyclic changes in the uterus determined by shifting hormonal changes -divided into four phases
47
Resolution
Women do not have refractory period: may quickly experience additional orgasms
48
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
Pregnancy detection hormone | -stimulates growth of corpus luteum
49
Stages of labor
1. dilation- longest stage 2. Expulsion 3. Placental stage

Human Anatomy (6 decks)

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