22.7 NS: Modulation of movement

Question 1

Where do complex vs. simple movements take place in the brain?

Answer 1

Complex: SMA/primary motor and sensory cortex

Simple: just primary, precentral gyrus

Question 2

What happens when you mentally rehearse complex movements?

Answer 2

Association area for planning lights up

Question 3

How is the primary motor cortex laid out?

Answer 3

Functional grouping

Question 4

What is activated in fine motor precision vs. power grips?

Answer 4

Fine manipulation activates the LMN (doesn’t occur in power grip)

Question 5

How do we learn skilled sequences?

Answer 5

Mirror motor neurons (responding to visual input watching someone e.g. pick up a sultana)

Question 6

What are the areas for ‘where’ and ‘what’ an object is?

Answer 6

Where, reaching: dorsal

What, grasping: ventral

Question 7

What are 3 functions of the basal ganglia?

Answer 7

Selection of complex voluntary movements

Evaluates movement success

Initiates movment

Question 8

What comprises the BG?

Answer 8

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus (external/internal segment)
Subthalamic nucleus
Substantia nigra

Question 9

What degenerates in parkinson’s?

Answer 9

Substantia nigra (contains melanin so looks dark)- part of the BG in the brainstem

Question 10

When do we see hypokinesia and hyperkinesia?

Answer 10

Hypokinesia: Parkinson’s

Hyperkinesia: Huntington’s (chorea)

Question 11

What does the cerebellum do (4)?

Answer 11

Co-ordination of muscle actions

Maintaining muscle tone

Motor learning

Planning sequences for complex movement

Question 12

What is the anatomy of the cerebellum?

Answer 12

Tightly folded, 3 lobes, peduncles attach cerebellum to the brainstem (and are fibrous connections)

Question 13

What occurs with cerebellar damage?

Answer 13

Ipsilateral ataxia (double crossed)

Question 14

What is anterior, posterior and flocculonodular lobe syndrome?

Answer 14

Anterior: Occurs with chronic ethanol toxicity. Ataxia, loss of inter-limb co-ord

Post: dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia, speech abnormality

Flocculonodular: truncal ataxia (difficulty walking/sitting/standing)

Question 15

What are the functions of the:

Spinal cord
Brainstem
Cerebellum
Basal ganglia
Cerebral cortex

Answer 15

Spinal cord: reflexes, pattern generation
Brainstem: sensory info for posture, adaptive reflex activity
Cerebellum: co-ordination, acquisition of motor skills
Basal ganglia: complex skill learning, motor program selection
Cerebral cortex: initiation of movement, skilled movement, abstract motor representations, planning