2.3

Question 1

demographic transition

Answer 1

process of change in a society’s population from high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and higher total population

Question 2

stage 1

Answer 2

low growth

very high birth and death rates produce virtually no long-term natural increase

Question 3

stage 2

Answer 3

high growth

rapidly declining death rates and very high birth rates produce very high natural increase

europe and america entered after 1750 bc of industrial revolution -> wealth -> healthier places to live

africa, asia, and latin america entered around 1950 bc of medical revolution -> less deaths

Question 4

stage 3

Answer 4

decreasing growth

birth rates rapidly decline, death rates continue to decline, and natural increase rates begin to moderate

enters when ppl have fewer children

due to delayed reaction to decline in mortality and economic changes (live in cities -> smaller homes -> not enough space)

Question 5

stage 4

Answer 5

low growth

very low birth and death rates produce virtually no long-term natural increase and possibly a decrease

happens when women enter labor force + use birth control bc wider variety

Question 6

zero population growth (zpg)

Answer 6

cbr = cdr
nir = 0

can still occur when cbr > cdr bc some females die b4 reaching childbearing years and number of females in childbearing years can vary

tfr of 2.1 produces zpg

Question 7

what are the two strategies that have been successful in reducing birth rates?

Answer 7

thru education and heath care

thru contraception

Question 8

what are the two characteristics of recent population growth that have made malthus’s thesis even more frightening than before?

Answer 8

• lots of countries (especially poor) have rapid population growth so the gap between population growth and resources is wider in some countries than even malthus anticipated
• world population growth is outstripping a wide variety of resources, not just food production

Question 9

what are malthus’s critics?

Answer 9

• world’s supply of resources is not fixed - it’s expanding
• population growth is not a problem bc stimulate economic growth and thus produce more food and also generate greater demand for goods and thus more jobs and in addition more brains and thus more ideas for improving life
• poverty and stuff are result of unjust social and economic institutions not population growth

Question 10

possible stage 5

Answer 10

decline

low cbr, increasing cdr, and thus negative nir

low birth rates -> less young women aging into child-bearing years -> chooses to have fewer children -> lower cbr

older population -> higher mortality -> increased cdr