[23] FINALS | TODDLER Flashcards
(45 cards)
1
Q
1-3 years old
A
TODDLER
2
Q
TODDLER
- w____, t____ young children
- with a growing sense of a____
- time of intense environmental exploration
- period of t____ and s____
- temper tantrums, negativism and obstinacy
A
- walking, talking young children
- with a growing sense of autonomy
- time of intense environmental exploration
- period of toilet training and sibling rivalry
- temper tantrums, negativism and obstinacy
3
Q
PROPORTIONAL CHANGES
HEIGHT
- ____ rate of increase
- elongation of ____
- Average: ____ cm
- Growth: ____ cm /year
A
HEIGHT
- slow rate of increase
- elongation of legs
- Average: 86.6 cm
- Growth: 7.5 cm /year
4
Q
PROPORTIONAL CHANGES
WEIGHT
- Average yearly wt. gain: ____ kg
- Average weight: ____ kg
A
WEIGHT
- Average yearly wt. gain: 1.8- 2.7 kg
- Average weight: 12 kg
5
Q
PROPORTIONAL CHANGES
HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE
- at 1 to 2 years old: equal to ____ circumference
- total increase during the second year: ____ cm
- rate of increase slows until 5 y/o - less than ____ cm/ year
- between 12 and 18 months old: ____ closes
A
HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE
- at 1 to 2 years old: equal to chest circumference
- total increase during the second year: 2.5 cm
- rate of increase slows until 5 y/o - less than 1.25 cm/ year
- between 12 and 18 months old: anterior fontanel closes
6
Q
PROPORTIONAL CHANGES
CHEST CIRCUMFERENCE
- continues to increase in size and exceeds ____
- after second year: exceeds the ____ measurement
A
CHEST CIRCUMFERENCE
- continues to increase in size and exceeds head circumference
- after second year: exceeds the abdominal measurement
7
Q
SENSORY CHANGES
- Sight: ____ continues to develop; well-developed full binocular vision
-____/____ - Hearing, Smell, Taste, Touch: become increasingly well-developed
- Taste: with specific t____
- ____: increased sensation
A
- Sight: depth perception continues to develop, well-developed full binocular vision
-20/40 - Hearing, Smell, Taste, Touch: become increasingly well-developed
- Taste: with specific taste preferences
- Feet: increased sensation
8
Q
MATURATION OF SYSTEMS
NERVOUS
- almost complete ____ of spinal cord
- increased attention span
- develops to about ____% of adult size
A
NERVOUS
- almost complete myelination of spinal cord
- increased attention span
- develops to about 90% of adult size
9
Q
MATURATION OF SYSTEMS
CARDIOVASCULAR
- HR= ____ bpm
BP = ____ mmHg
A
CARDIOVASCULAR
- HR= 90 bpm
BP = 99/64 mmHg
10
Q
MATURATION OF SYSTEMS
REPIRATORY
- slightly slow; a____
- volume continue to increase
A
REPIRATORY
- slightly slow; abdominal
- volume continue to increase
11
Q
MATURATION OF SYSTEMS
DIGESTIVE
- fairly complete
- increased s____
- increased a____
- control of e____
A
DIGESTIVE
- fairly complete
- increased stomach capacity
- increased acidity
- control of elimination
12
Q
MATURATION OF SYSTEMS
INTEGUMENTARY
- functionally matures
- minimum s____ and s____ production
- h____ of muscle cells
A
INTEGUMENTARY
- functionally matures
- minimum sebum and sweat production
- hyperplasia of muscle cells
13
Q
MATURATION OF SYSTEMS
IMMUNE
- efficient p____
- well establsihed a____ production
- ____ immunity disappears
A
IMMUNE
- efficient phagocytosis
- well establsihed antibody production
- passive immunity disappears
14
Q
MATURATION OF SYSTEMS
THERMOREGULATION
- learns mechanisms to control body temperature
- can conserve ____
A
THERMOREGULATION
- learns mechanisms to control body temperature
- can conserve core body temperature
15
Q
GROSS MOTOR SKILLS
- ____ years old: can climb the stairs with support
- By the end of ____ years old: can climb the stairs w/o support
- Can do an ____ pass of a ball w/o losing balance
A
- 2 years old: can climb the stairs with support
- By the end of 2 years old: can climb the stairs w/o support
- Can do an overhead pass of a ball w/o losing balance
16
Q
FINE MOTOR SKILLS
- 18 months: can build at leat ____ building blocks
- 36 months: can build ____ building blocks
- 36 months: toddlers can now ____ by themselves
A
- 18 months: can build at leat 5-6 building blocks
- 36 months: can build 7-8 building blocks
- 36 months: toddlers can now eat by themselves
17
Q
PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
- Age: ____ Childhood
- Stage of Development: A____ vs. S____
- Development task: p____ training & s____
A
- Age: Early Childhood
- Stage of Development: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
- Development task: Potty training & Self-maintenance
18
Q
PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
- Stage: Anal
- Age: ____ years old
- Focus of Libido: A____
- Major Development: T____
- Adult Fixation Example: O____ & Messiness
A
- Stage: Anal
- Age: 1-3 years old
- Focus of Libido: Anus
- Major Development: Toilet Training
- Adult Fixation Example: Orderliness & Messiness
19
Q
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
- ____ Stage: birth - 2 years old
- ____ Stage: 2 - 7 years old
A
- Sensorimotor Stage: birth - 2 years old
- Preoperational Stage: 2 - 7 years old
20
Q
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
- Can identify who is Mommy or Daddy
- Can differentiate between genders
- Can distinguish between stereotypes of genders
A
SEX ROLE BEHAVIOR
21
Q
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
- At 15-18 months
- Mimics household chores around the house
A
DOMESTIC MIMICRY
22
Q
MORAL DEVELOPMENT
- Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality
- Description: ____ determined by rewards/punishment
- Stage 1: ____; Whatever leads to punishment is wrong
- Stage 2: ____; The right way to behave is the way that is rewarded
A
- Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality
- Description: Right and wrong determined by rewards/punishment
- Stage 1: Punishment/Obedience; Whatever leads to punishment is wrong
- Stage 2: Rewards; The right way to behave is the way that is rewarded
23
Q
SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT
- vague idea of ____ and religious teachings
- learn about God through the ____
- ____ = something special
- near the end of toddlerhood: some advancement of understanding of God
A
- vague idea of God and religious teachings
- learn about God through the words and actions of those closest to them
- God = something special
- near the end of toddlerhood: some advancement of understanding of God
24
Q
DEVELOPMENT OF BODY IMAGE
- recognize usefulness of ____
- gradually learn ____ of body parts
- at 2 years old
–recognize g____
–refer to self by name - at 3 years old
–G____ is developed.
A
- recognize usefulness of body parts
- gradually learn names of body parts
- at 2 years old
–recognize gender differences
–refer to self by name - at 3 years old
–Gender identity is developed.
25
# **DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER IDENTITY**
* explore their bodies
* touching certain body parts - pleasurable
* G____ (masturbation) can occur.
* explore their bodies
* touching certain body parts - pleasurable
* **Genital fondling** (masturbation) can occur.
26
# **SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT**
* major task: d____
--separation (from parent)
--individualization
* Greater ____ - can eat by themselves, change clothes, do household chores
* T____: objects that lessen separation anxiety from parent
* major task: **differentiation**
--separation (from parent)
--individualization
* Greater **independence** - can eat by themselves, change clothes, do household chores
* **Transitional objects**: objects that lessen separation anxiety from parent
27
# **COPING WITH CONCERNS R/T GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT**
**TOILET TRAINING**
* C____ readiness
* P____ readiness
* M____ readiness
* Bowel readiness: ____ months
* B____ readiness
**TOILET TRAINING**
* **Cognitive** readiness
* **Psychologic** readiness
* **Motor** readiness
* Bowel readiness: **20-22 months**
* **Bladder** readiness
28
# **COPING WITH CONCERNS R/T GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT**
**TOILET TRAINING**
* well-balanced diet - promote high ____ diets to prevent constipation
* Begin the readiness phase of t____ by teaching the child about how the body functions in relation to voiding and having a stool.
* Consider child’s c____, p____ or use of the toilet.
**TOILET TRAINING**
* well-balanced diet - promote high **fiber** diets to prevent constipation
* Begin the readiness phase of **toilet training** by teaching the child about how the body functions in relation to voiding and having a stool.
* Consider child’s **clothing**, **potty** chair or use of the toilet.
29
# **COPING WITH CONCERNS R/T GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT**
**TOILET TRAINING**
* Limit practice sessions to ____ minutes.
* Stay with the child.
* Practice s____ habits after every session.
* Praise children for c____ behavior and successful e____.
**TOILET TRAINING**
* Limit practice sessions to **5-8 minutes**.
* Stay with the child.
* Practice **sanitary** habits after every session.
* Praise children for **cooperative** behavior and successful **elimination**.
30
# **COPING WITH CONCERNS R/T GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT**
**HOW DO I KNOW MY CHILD IS READY FOR TOILET TRAINING?**
* P____ readiness
* P____ readiness
* P____ readiness
* M____ readiness
**HOW DO I KNOW MY CHILD IS READY FOR TOILET TRAINING?**
* **Physical** readiness
* **Psychologic** readiness
* **Parental** readiness
* **Mental** readiness
31
# **COPING WITH CONCERNS R/T GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT**
**SIBLING RIVALRY**
* Talk about the new baby when the toddlers become aware of the pregnancy and the changes occurring in the home in anticipation of the new member.
* Stress what a____ there would be when the new child arrives.
* Allow toddlers to help with the c____.
**SIBLING RIVALRY**
* Talk about the new baby when the toddlers become aware of the pregnancy and the changes occurring in the home in anticipation of the new member.
* Stress what **activities** there would be when the new child arrives.
* Allow toddlers to help with the **care of the newborn**.
32
# **COPING WITH CONCERNS R/T GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT**
**TEMPER TANTRUMS**
* best approach:
--c____
--developmentally appropriate e____ and r____
* Ignore behavior during t____.
* Offer the child options instead of an ‘’____” position.
* Give comfort once the child is able to control e____ but not giving in to the original request.
* Praise the child for positive behavior when he or she is not having a tantrums.
**TEMPER TANTRUMS**
* best approach:
--**consistency**
--developmentally appropriate **expectations and rewards**
* Ignore behavior during **tantrums**.
* Offer the child options instead of an ‘’**all or none**” position.
* Give comfort once the child is able to control **emotions** but not giving in to the original request.
* Praise the child for positive behavior when he or she is not having a tantrums.
33
# **COPING WITH CONCERNS R/T GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT**
**NEGATIVISM**
* assertion of c____
* subsides as most children prepare for preschool and enter ____
* approach: reduce the opportunities to a “____” answer
**NEGATIVISM**
* assertion of **control**
* subsides as most children prepare for preschool and enter **kindergarten**
* approach: reduce the opportunities to a **“no”** answer
34
# **COPING WITH CONCERNS R/T GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT**
**STRESS**
* Lack of S____
* S____
* S____ anxiety
* S____ anxiety
* N____
* R____
* R____
* Toilet training
* Bedtime
* Tantrums
* S____ object
* O____
* Illness & hospitalization
* V____
**STRESS**
* **Lack of sociability**
* **Self-centeredness**
* **Separation anxiety**
* **Stranger anxiety**
* **Negativism**
* **Regression**
* **Rigidity**
* Toilet training
* Bedtime
* Tantrums
* **Security object**
* **Overdoing**
* Illness & hospitalization
* **Violence**
35
# **COPING WITH CONCERNS R/T GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT**
**STRESS**
* ____ amounts of stress – beneficial
* ____ stress - destructive
* Parents must be aware of the signs of stress and be able to identify the source.
* best approach: p____
--Monitor the amount of stress.
--Increase r____ periods.
--Prepare child for c____.
--Help child cope with stress.
--P____
--use of relaxation and imagery
**STRESS**
* **small** amounts of stress – beneficial
* **excessive** stress - destructive
* Parents must be aware of the signs of stress and be able to identify the source.
* best approach: **prevention**
--Monitor the amount of stress.
--Increase **rest** periods.
--Prepare child for **change**.
--Help child cope with stress.
--**Play**
--use of relaxation and imagery
36
# **PROMOTING HEALTH DURING TODDLERHOOD**
**NUTRITION**
**12 to 18 months old:**
* ____ need for calories, protein, and fluid
* CHON requirement: ____ g/kg
* Caloric requirement: ____ kcal/kg
* slightly increased requirements for most vitamins and minerals
* milk intake: average of ____ cups/day
**NUTRITION**
**12 to 18 months old:**
* **decreased** need for calories, protein, and fluid
* CHON requirement: **1.2 g/kg**
* Caloric requirement: **102 kcal/kg**
* slightly increased requirements for most vitamins and minerals
* milk intake: average of **2-3 cups/day**
37
# **PROMOTING HEALTH DURING TODDLERHOOD**
**NUTRITION**
**18 months old:**
* decreased ____ need
* physiologic a____
* picky, fussy eaters with strong taste preference
**NUTRITION**
**18 months old:**
* decreased **nutritional** need
* physiologic **anorexia**
* picky, fussy eaters with strong taste preference
38
# **PROMOTING HEALTH DURING TODDLERHOOD**
**NUTRITION**
**2-3 years old**
* with established e____
**NUTRITION**
**2-3 years old**
* with established **eating habits**
39
# **PROMOTING HEALTH DURING TODDLERHOOD**
**NUTRITION**
* Make ____ enjoyable rather than times for discipline or family arguments.
* Call children ____ min. before mealtime.
* Offer ____ food than toddlers may eat and let the child ask for more .
* Provide ____ for foods they do not enjoy.
**NUTRITION**
* Make **mealtimes** enjoyable rather than times for discipline or family arguments.
* Call children **15 min**. before mealtime.
* Offer **less** food than toddlers may eat and let the child ask for more .
* Provide **substitutions** for foods they do not enjoy.
40
# **PROMOTING HEALTH DURING TODDLERHOOD**
**NUTRITION**
* Let them use the ____ dish, cup, or spoon every time they eat.
* Use p____ dishes and cups.
* Have a r____ mealtime schedule.
* Introduce at least ____ items from the groups at each meal.
* Allow them to eat with their ____ and enjoy foods of different colors and shapes.
**NUTRITION**
* Let them use the **same** dish, cup, or spoon every time they eat.
* Use **plastic** dishes and cups.
* Have a **regular** mealtime schedule.
* Introduce at least **three** items from the groups at each meal.
* Allow them to eat with their **fingers** and enjoy foods of different colors and shapes.
41
# **PROMOTING HEALTH DURING TODDLERHOOD**
**SLEEP AND ACTIVITY**
**2 years old**
* total sleep time decreases slightly, average of about ____ hours a day
* ____ nap/day
**SLEEP AND ACTIVITY**
**2 years old**
* total sleep time decreases slightly, average of about **12 hours a day**
* **one nap/day**
42
# **PROMOTING HEALTH DURING TODDLERHOOD**
**SLEEP AND ACTIVITY**
**By the end of 2-3 years old**
* many relinquish the habit of n____
**SLEEP AND ACTIVITY**
**By the end of 2-3 years old**
* many relinquish the habit of **napping**
43
# **PROMOTING HEALTH DURING TODDLERHOOD**
**SLEEP AND ACTIVITY**
**3 years old**
* can reach an ____ pattern of sleep
**SLEEP AND ACTIVITY**
**3 years old**
* can reach an **adult pattern** of sleep
44
# **PROMOTING HEALTH DURING TODDLERHOOD**
**SLEEP AND ACTIVITY**
* common sleep problems: g____
* Establishing a r____ bedtime and routine.
* Provide t____.
* Limit p____ bedtime rituals.
**SLEEP AND ACTIVITY**
* common sleep problems: **going to bed and falling asleep**
* Establishing a **regular** bedtime and routine.
* Provide **transitional objects**.
* Limit **prolonged** bedtime rituals.
45
# **PROMOTING HEALTH DURING TODDLERHOOD**
**DENTAL HEALTH**
* poor oral hygiene and poor dietary habits ---development of d____
* most effective methods of plaque removal
--b____
--f____
**DENTAL HEALTH**
* poor oral hygiene and poor dietary habits ---development of **dental caries**
* most effective methods of plaque removal
--**brushing**
--**flossing**
