[3] PRELIMS | A&P OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards by Rayben William Sanchez

External Genital Organs (Vulva)

A softly rounded mound of subcutaneous fatty tissue beginning at the lowest portion of the anterior abdominal wall. Covers the front portion of the symphysis pubis.

Mons Pubis

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External Genital Organs (Vulva)

Are longitudinal, raised folds of pigmented skin, one on either side of the vulvar cleft.

Labia Majora

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External Genital Organs (Vulva)

Are soft folds of skin within the labia majora that converge near the anus, forming the fourchette

Labia Minora

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External Genital Organs (Vulva)

A boat-shaped depression enclosed by the labia majora and visible when they are separate, containing the vaginal opening

Vestibule

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External Genital Organs (Vulva)

The border between the external and internal genitalia

Introitus (Vaginal Opening)

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External Genital Organs (Vulva)

Is located 1–2.5cm beneath the clitoris in the midline of the vestibule; it often appears as a puckered, slitlike opening

Urethral Meatus

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External Genital Organs (Vulva)

The urethral meatus is located ____ beneath the ____

1-2.5cm beneath the clitoris

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External Genital Organs (Vulva)

At times, the meatus is difficult to visualize because of the presence of ____, small ____, or ____

blind dimples, mucosal folds, wide variations in location

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External Genital Organs (Vulva)

Open into the posterior wall of the urethra close to its opening. Their secretions lubricate the vaginal opening, facilitating sexual intercourse

Paraurethral Glands (Skene’s Glands)

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External Genital Organs (Vulva)

A thin, elastic collar or semi-collar of tissue that surrounds the vaginal opening

Hymen

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Female Reproductive System

Is a muscular and membranous tube that connects the external genitalia with the uterus

Vagina

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Female Reproductive System

The vagina extends from the (1) ____ in a position nearly parallel to the plane of the (2) ____

(1) vulva to the uterus
(2) pelvic brim

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Female Reproductive System

The vagina is often called the ____ because it forms the lower part of the pelvis through which the fetus must pass during birth

birth canal

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Female Reproductive System

Is a hollow, muscular, thick-walled organ shaped like an upside-down pear

Uterus

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Female Reproductive System

The uterus lies in the (1) ____ between the base of the (2) ____ and the ____ and above the (3) ____

(1) center of the pelvic cavity
(2) bladder and the rectum
(3) vagina

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Female Reproductive System

The uterus of the mature woman weighs about (1) ____ and is (2) ____ long

(1) 40-70g
(2) 6-8cm

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Female Reproductive System

The narrow neck of the uterus that provides a protective entrance for the body of the uterus

Cervix

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Female Reproductive System

Canal-like, the cervix meets the body of the uterus at the (1) ____ and descends about (2) ____ to connect with the vagina at the (3) ____

(1) internal os
(2) 2.5cm
(3) external os

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Female Reproductive System

Arise from each side of the uterus and reach almost to the sides of the pelvis, where they turn toward the ovaries

Fallopian Tubes

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Female Reproductive System

The fallopian tubes can also be called ____ or ____

oviducts or uterine tubes

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Female Reproductive System

Each fallopian tube is approximately ____ long

8 to 13.5cm

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Female Reproductive System

Each fallopian tube may be divided into three parts: the (1) ____, the (2) ____, and the (3) ____

(1) isthmus
(2) ampulla
(3) infundibulum or fimbria

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Female Reproductive System

Two almond-shaped structures just below the pelvic brim, each located on each side of the pelvic cavity

Ovaries

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Female Reproductive System

Their size varies among women and with the stage of the menstrual cycle. Each ovary weighs approximately (1) ____ and is (2) ____ wide, (3) ____ long and (4) ____ thick

(1) 6-10g
(2) 1.5-3cm
(3) 2-5cm
(4) 1-1.5cm

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# The Bony Pelvis The female bony pelvis has two unique functions: * To (1) ____ * To form the (2) ____

(1) support and protect the pelvic contents (2) relatively fixed axis of the birth passage

# Bony Structures The pelvis is made up of four bones: (1) ____, the (2) ____, and the (3) ____

(1) two innominate bones (2) sacrum (3) coccyx

# Bony Structures The pelvis resembles a bowl or basin; its sides are the (1) ____, and its back is the (2) ____

(1) innominate bones (2) sacrum and coccyx

# Bony Structures Lined with fibrocartilage and held tightly together by ligaments, the four bones join at the (1) ____, the two (2) ____ and the (3) ____

(1) symphysis pubis (2) sacroiliac joints (3) sacrococcygeal joints

# Bony Structures The innominate bones / **Hip bones** are made up of 3 separate bones: 1. ____ 2. ____ 3. ____

1. Ilium 2. Ischium 3. Pubis

# Bony Structures The ilium, ischium and pubis fuse to form a circular cavity, the ____ which articulates with the femur.

acetabulum

# The Innominate Bones Is the broad, upper prominence of the hip

Ilium

# The Innominate Bones The margin of the ilium

Iliac Crest

# The Innominate Bones The anterior terminal point of the iliac crest

ANTERIOR SUPERIOR ILIAC SPINE

# The Innominate Bones The anterior lower point in the iliac crest

ANTERIOR INFERIOR ILIAC SPINE

# The Innominate Bones The posterior terminal point of the iliac crest

POSTERIOR SUPERIOR ILIAC CREST

# The Innominate Bones The concave anterior portion

ILIAC FOSSA

# The Innominate Bones An imaginary line or ridge which divides the false from the true pelvis

ILIOPECTINEAL LINE OR LINEA TERMINALIS

# The Innominate Bones The strongest bone, is under the ilium and below the acetabulum

ISCHIUM

# The Innominate Bones Where the weight of the seated body rests

ISCHIAL TUBEROSITY

# The Innominate Bones Serve as reference points during labor

ISCHIAL SPINES

# The Innominate Bones The shortest diameter of the pelvic cavity is between the ____

ischial spines

# Clinical Significance of Ischial Spines Somewhat encroached on the pelvic cavity, so if they are too prominent, they may offer ____

some degree of obstruction to the passage of the baby

# Clinical Significance of Ischial Spines Serves as a useful landmark when making a vaginal examination to assess the progress of ____ (determining the “station”)

descent of the fetal presenting part

# The Innominate Bones Forms the slightly bowed front portion of the innominate bone

PUBIS

# The Innominate Bones Point of union of the two pubic bones at the anterior midline

SYMPHYSIS PUBIS

# The Innominate Bones The triangular space below the junction of the symphysis pubis

PUBIC ARCH

# Clinical Signifiance of the Pubis If the angle formed is (1) ____ , it is very possible that the ischial spines are too close to one another resulting in a (2) ____

(1) acute (2) narrow pelvic cavity

Is a wedge-shaped bone formed by the fusion of five vertebrae

SACRUM

A projection into the pelvic cavity on the anterior upper portion

SACRAL PROMONTORY

# Sacral Promontory This projection is another obstetric guide in determining ____

pelvic measurements

The small triangular bone last on the vertebral column

COCCYX

Point of coccygeal and sacral articulation

SACROCOCCYGEAL JOINT

# Clinical Significance of the Coccyx The coccyx usually moves (1) ____ during labor to provide (2) ____

(1) backward (2) more room for the fetus

# The Pelvic Joints The points of union between the sacrum and the ilium

RIGHT AND LEFT SACROILIAC JOINTS

# The Pelvic Joints Between the sacrum and the coccyx

SACROCOCCYGEAL JOINT

# The Pelvic Joints The junction of the two pubic bones which are united by a pad of cartilage

SYMPHYSIS PUBIS

# Clinical Significance of the Pelvic Joints In pre-pregnant sate, there is very little movement in these joints but during pregnancy, due to influence of hormone (1) ____, softening and stretching of ligaments at the joints occur so that in minor degrees of disproportion between the fetal head and the pelvis, additional space may be provided by stretching of ligaments and wider separation of bones and joints

(1) relaxin

# The Pelvic Ligaments Between the sacrum and the ischial tuberosities; one on each side

SACROTUBEROUS LIGAMENTS

# The Pelvic Ligaments The strongest in the whole body; connects the sacrum to the iliac bones on each side

SACROILIAC LIGAMENTS

# The Pelvic Ligaments Between the sacrum and the ischial spines one on each side

SACROSPINOUS LIGAMENTS

# The Pelvic Ligaments Strengthens the symphysis pubis

INTERPUBIC LIGAMENTS

# The Pelvic Ligaments Between the 5th sacral vertebrae and the coccyx

SACROCOCCYGEAL LIGAMENTS

It acts as a buttress or support to the irregularly shaped pelvic outlet, thereby providing stability and support for surrounding structures

Pelvic Floor

The pelvic floor of the bony pelvis is designed to overcome the ____

force of gravity exerted on the pelvic organs

# The Pelvic Floor The (1) ____, the ____, and ____ form the part of the pelvic floor known as the (2) ____

(1) deep fascia, the levator ani, and coccygeal muscles (2) pelvic diaphragm

# The Pelvic Floor Above the pelvic diaphragm is the (1) ____; below and behind it is the (2) ____

(1) pelvic cavity (2) perineum

# The Pelvic Floor Makes up the major portions of the pelvic diaphragm and consists of four muscles: the iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus, puborectalis, and pubovaginalis

Levator Ani

# The Pelvic Floor A thin muscular sheet underlying the sacrospinous ligament that helps the levator ani support the pelvic organs

Iliococcygeal Muscle

# The Pelvic Divisions The portion above the pelvic brim that serves to support the weight of the enlarged pregnant uterus and direct the presenting fetal part into the true pelvis

False Pelvis (Linea Terminalis)

# False Pelvis The portion above the pelvic brim: * Supports the weight of the (1) ____ * Directs the (2) ____

(1) enlarged pregnant uterus (2) presenting fetal part into the true pelvis

# The Pelvic Divisions Made up of the sacrum, coccyx, and innominate bones and represents the bony limits of the birth canal

True Pelvis

# Clinical Significance of the True Pelvis The size and shape of the (1) ____ must be adequate for (2) ____ during labor and at birth

(1) true pelvis (2) normal fetal passage

# True Pelvis The true pelvis consists of three parts: 1. ____ 2. ____ 3. ____

1. Pelvic Inlet 2. Pelvic Cavity 3. Pelvic Outlet

Is the upper border of the true pelvis and is typically rounded. Its size and shape are determined by assessing three anteroposterior diameter

PELVIC INLET

# The Pelvic Inlet Extends from the subpubic angle to the middle of the sacral promontory and is typically 12.5cm

Diagonal Conjugate

# The Pelvic Inlet The **diagonal conjugate** extends from the subpubic angle to the middle of the sacral promontory and is typically ____

12.5cm

# The Pelvic Inlet The ____ can be measured manually during a pelvic examination

Diagonal Conjugate

# The Pelvic Inlet Extends from the middle of the sacral promontory to an area approximately 1cm below the crest

Obstetric Conjugate

# The Pelvic Inlet The obstetric conjugate extends from the middle of the sacral promontory to an area approximately ____ the crest

1cm below

# The Pelvic Inlet The fetus passes through the (1) ____, and the size of this diameter determines whether the fetus can move down into the birth canal in order for (2) ____ to occur

(1) obstetric conjugate (2) engagement

# The Pelvic Inlet The obstetric conjugate is considered the ____ through which the head must pass descending to the pelvic inlet

shortest anteroposterior diameter

# The Pelvic Inlet It cannot be measured directly with the examining fingers

Obstetric Conjugate

# The Pelvic Inlet For clinical purposes, the obstetric conjugate is estimated indirectly by subtracting (1) ____ from the diagonal conjugate; meaning, its measurement would be (2) ____

(1) 1.5-2cm (2) 10.5-11cm

# The Pelvic Inlet The true conjugate measures up to ____

11 cm

# The Pelvic Inlet Extends from the middle of the sacral promontory to the middle of the pubic crest (superior surface of the symphysis).

True Conjugate

# The Pelvic Inlet Helps determine the shape of the inlet

Transverse Diameter

# The Pelvic Inlet The transverse diameter is the (1) ____ of the inlet and is measured by using the (2) ____ as the point of reference

(1) largest diameter (2) linea terminalis

# The Pelvic Inlet The transverse diameter measures up to ____

13.5 cm

# The Pelvic Inlet The distance between the right sacroiliac joint and the left ileopectineal eminence

Right Oblique Diameter

# The Pelvic Inlet The distance between the left sacroiliac joint and the right ileopectineal eminence

Left Oblique Diameter

# The Pelvic Inlet Both the right and left oblique diameter measures up to ____

12.5 cm

A curved canal with a longer posterior than anterior wall

The Pelvic Cavity

Situated at the lower border of the true pelvis

Pelvic Outlet

The size of the pelvic outlet can be determined through the assessment of the ____

transverse diameter

# The Pelvic Outlet The transverse diameter can also be called the (1) ____ or the (2) ____

(1) Bi-ischial Diameter (2) Intertuberous Diameter

# The Pelvic Outlet The diameter between the ischial spines

Interspinous Diameter

# The Pelvic Outlet The interspinous diameter can measure up to ____

10.5 cm

# The Pelvic Outlet Has great importance because the fetus must pass under it during birth

Pubic Arch

# The Pelvic Outlet If the pubic arch narrows, the baby’s head may be pushed backward towards the (1) ____, making (2) ____ difficult

(1) coccyx (2) extension of the head

# The Pelvic Outlet The situation where the baby’s head is pushed backward towards the coccyx, thus making extension of the head difficult

Outlet Dystocia ## Footnote may require forceps or cesarean birth

# The Pelvic Outlet The ____ of a large baby may also become wedged under the pubic arch, making birth more difficult

shoulders

# 4 Types of Pelvis Most common female pelvis (50%)

Gynecoid Pelvis

# 4 Types of Pelvis - Gynecoid Pelvis * Inlet is (1) ____, with the AP diameter a (2) ____ than the T diameter * (3) ____ is broad, deep, and roomy, and the (4) ____ is well rounded * Has a (5) ____ pubic arch

(1) rounded (2) little shorter (3) Posterior segment (4) anterior segment (5) wide and round

# 4 Types of Pelvis Normal male pelvis

Android Pelvis

# 4 Types of Pelvis - Android Pelvis (P1) * Inlet is (1) ____ shaped * AP and T diameters adequate for (2) ____ * (3) ____ is too short, and the (4) ____ is long * (5) ____ has prominent ischial spines, convergent sidewalls, and a long, heavy (6) ____ inclining forward

(1) heart (2) birth (3) Posterior sagittal diameters (4) anterior sagittal diameter (5) Midpelvis (6) sacrum

# 4 Types of Pelvis - Android Pelvis (P2) * Android outlet has a (1) ____ pubic arch * AP diameter is (2) ____, T diameter is (3) ____ * Approximately (4) ____ of female pelvis * (5) ____ is frequent, requiring difficult forceps manipulation * Prone to extensive (6) ____

(1) narrow, sharp, and deep (2) short (3) narrow (4) 20% (5) Arrest of labor (6) perineal laceration

# 4 Types of Pelvis Approximately 25% of female pelvis

Anthropoid Pelvis

# 4 Types of Pelvis - Anthropoid Pelvis * Inlet is (1) ____ * (2) ____ AP diameter, ____ T diameter * Posterior and anterior segments are (3) ____ * Posterior and anterior sagittal diameters are (4) ____ * (5) ____ ischial spines, ____ side walls, and a ____ sacrum * Outlet has a (6) ____ pubic arch

(1) oval (2) Long / short (3) deep (4) extremely long (5) Variable / straight / narrow and long (6) normal or moderately narrow

# 4 Types of Pelvis Only 5% of female pelvis

Platypelloid Pelvis

# 4 Types of Pelvis - Platypelloid Pelvis * Refers to the (1) ____ * Inlet is a distinctly (2) ____ * (3) ____ AP and ____ T diameter * (4) ____ posterior & anterior sagittal diameters * Has (5) ____ ischial spines, ____ side walls, and a ____ sacrum with a ____ * Outlet has an (6) ____ pubic arch

(1) flat female pelvis (2) transverse oval (3) Short / extremely short (4) Short (5) variable / parallel / wide / deep curve inward (6) extremely wide

# Female Hormones * Contributes to “femaleness” * Controls the development of the female secondary sex characteristics

Estrogen

# Female Hormones 3 classical estrogens: 1. ____ 2. ____ 3. ____

1. Estrone 2. B-Estradiol 3. Estriol

# Female Hormones Estrogen controls the development of the female secondary sex characteristics: * (1) ____ * (2) ____ * (3) ____

(1) Breast development (2) Widening of the hips (3) Deposits of tissue (fat) in the buttocks and mons pubis

# Female Hormones Estrogens also assist in the (1) ____ and cause the (2) ____ to proliferate following menstruation

(1) maturation of the ovarian follicles (2) endometrial mucosa

# Female Hormones The amount of estrogens is greatest during the ____ phase of the menstrual cycle

proliferative (follicular or estrogenic)

# Female Hormones * Estrogens also cause the (1) ____ to increase in size and weight because of increased glycogen, amino acids, electrolytes, and water * (2) ____ is expanded as well

(1) uterus (2) Blood supply

# Female Hormones Under the influence of estrogens, (1) ____ increases in both uterus and the fallopian tubes, and uterine sensitivity to (2) ____ increases

(1) myometrial contractility (2) oxytocin

# Female Hormones Estrogens inhibit (1) ____ production and stimulate (2) ____ production

(1) FSH (2) LH

# Female Hormones * Secreted by the corpus luteum * Hormone of pregnancy

Progesterone

# Female Hormones - Progesterone * Found in greatest amounts during the (1) ____ phase of the menstrual cycle * Decreases (2) ____ caused by estrogens * Causes the (3) ____ to further increase its supply of nutrients * Prepares the (4) ____ for ____

(1) secretory (luteal or progestational) (2) uterine motility and contractility (3) endometrium (4) breast / lactation

# Female Hormones Are oxygenated fatty acids that are produced by the cells of the endometrium and are also classified as hormones

Prostaglandins (PGs)

# Female Hormones - Prostaglandins * (1) ____ – relaxes smooth muscles & potent vasodilator * (2) ____ – potent vasoconstrictor; increases muscular and arterial contractility * Critical to the (3) ____, thereby releasing the ____

(1) PGE (2) PGF (3) rupture of the graafian follicle / mature egg cell

# Neurohormonal Basis Organs that play a great part: 1. ____ 2. ____ 3. ____ 4. ____

1. Hypothalamus 2. Anterior Pituitary Gland 3. Ovaries 4. Uterus

# Ovarian Cycle * Has two phases: 1. ____ 2. ____

1. Follicular Phase (1-14) 2. Luteal Phase (15-28) ## Footnote total of 28 days

# Ovarian Cycle In women whose menstrual cycle varies, usually only the length of the (1) ____ varies, because the (2) ____ is of fixed length

(1) follicular phase (2) luteal phase

# Ovarian Cycle - Follicular Phase * The (1) ____ matures as a result of ____ * The (2) ____ appears on about the ____ under dual control of ____

(1) immature follicle / FSH (2) mature graafian follicle / 14th day / FSH and LH

# Ovarian Cycle - Follicular Phase The mature graafian follicle is a large structure, measuring about (1) ____. The mature follicle produces increasing amounts of (2) ____

(1) 5-10mm (2) estrogen

# Ovarian Cycle - Follicular Phase Support cells that help in the maturation of oocyte

Cumulus Oophorus

# Ovarian Cycle - Follicular Phase Thick elastic capsule develops around oocyte

Zona Pellucida

# Ovarian Cycle - Follicular Phase Just before ovulation, the mature oocyte completes its first (1) ____, yielding a: * (2) ____: a small cell * (3) ____: which matures into an ovum

(1) meiotic division (2) Polar body (3) Secondary oocyte

# Ovarian Cycle - Follicular Phase * As the graafian follicle matures and enlarges, it comes close to the (1) ____ * The ovum is discharged near the (2) ____ and is pulled into it

(1) surface of the ovary (2) fimbria of the fallopian tube

# Ovarian Cycle - Follicular Phase * (1) ____: mid-cycle pain (for some) * Body temperature increases about (2) ____, 24-48 hours after ovulation * The ovum takes several minutes to travel through the (3) ____ to the fallopian tube opening

(1) Mittelschmerz (2) 0.3-0.6 °C (3) ruptured follicle

# Ovarian Cycle - Follicular Phase Mittelschmerz (mid-cyle pain) may be caused by a (1) ____ or by a (2) ____ to the expelling of the (3) ____

(1) thick tunica albuginea (2) local peritoneal reaction (3) follicular contents

# Ovarian Cycle - Follicular Phase (1) ____ may increase during ovulation, and a small amount of blood or (2) ____ may be discharged as well

(1) Vaginal discharge (2) midcycle spotting

# Ovarian Cycle - Luteal Phase * Begins when the (1) ____ * (2) ____ develops from the ruptured follicle * If the ovum is fertilized and implants in the (3) ____, the fertilized egg begins to secrete ____ * If fertilization does not occur, within about a week after ovulation, the (4) ____

(1) ovum leaves its follicle (2) Corpus luteum (3) endometrium / hCG (4) corpus luteum begins to degenerate into corpus albicans

# Ovarian Cycle - Luteal Phase * The ovum is thought to be fertile for only (1) ____. It reaches the uterus ____ after its release from the ovary * Under the influence of (2) ____, the corpus luteum develops from the ruptured follicle * Within (3) ____, the corpus luteum becomes yellowish and spherical and increase in vascularity

(1) 12-24 hours / 72-96 hours (2) LH (3) 2 or 3 days

# Ovarian Cycle - Luteal Phase * With degeneration of the corpus luteum to corpus albicans comes a decrease in (1) ____ * This allows for an increase in (2) ____, which trigger the (3) ____

(1) estrogen and progesterone (2) LH and FSH (3) hypothalamus

Is an episodic uterine bleeding in response to cyclic hormonal changes

Menstruation

# Menstrual Cycle The process that allows for ____

conception and implantation of a new life

# Menstrual Cycle - Clinical Aspects * Average Length of Cycle: ____ * Average Length of Menses: ____ * Age of Onset: ____

* Average Length of Cycle: 28 days (range: 23-35 days) * Average Length of Menses: 4-6 days (range: 2-9 days) * Age of Onset: 11-13 years old

# Menstrual Cycle - Clinical Aspects * Characteristics of discharge: (1) ____ color & has a ____ odor due to the decomposition of blood elements & a mixture of increase secretion of (2) ____

(1) dark, reddish / musty (2) vulvar sebaceous gland.

# Menstrual Cycle - Clinical Aspects * Amount of blood loss – (1) ____ * Amount of iron loss – (2) ____

(1) 30-80mL (2) 0.5-1mg daily

# Menstrual Cycle - Symptoms * Sensation of heaviness & weight in the (1) ____, ____ & ____ * Slight nervous irritability – feeling of (2) ____ * (3) ____ & ____ irritability * Changes in body weight – (4) ____ shortly before the onset of menstruation w/c they lose promptly as menstruation begins

(1) pelvic region, mild backache & cramping (2) tenderness and anxiety (3) Bladder & GIT (4) 1 to 3 lbs.

# Menstrual Cycle Days 1 – 7 with an average of at least 5 days in the menstrual cycle

Menstrual Phase

# Menstrual Cycle - Menstrual Phase The following products are discharged from the uterus during menstrual flow or menses: * (1) ____ from the ruptured capillaries * (2) ____ from the glands * Fragments of (3) ____ * (4) ____

(1) Blood (2) Mucin (3) endometrial tissue (4) Microscopic, atrophied, and unfertilized ovum

# Menstrual Cycle Days 8-14 of the menstrual cycle

Proliferative Phase

# Menstrual Cycle - Proliferative Phase * (1) ____ peaks just prior to ovulation, * Cervical mucus at ovulation is (2) ____; and has ____ greater than 5cm * Body temperature may (3) ____, then ____ at ovulation and remains elevated under influence of (4) ____

(1) Estrogen (2) clear, thin, watery, alkaline, shows ferning pattern / spinnbarkeit (3) drop slightly then rises sharply (4) progesterone

# Menstrual Cycle - Proliferative Phase * As ovulation becomes near, the cervical mucus increases its elasticity called (1) ____ that is clear, slippery and looks like raw egg white * Its stretchy quality makes it easier for the (2) ____

(1) Spinnbarkeit (2) sperm to penetrate

# Menstrual Cycle Days 15-26 of the menstrual cycle

Secretory Phase

# Menstrual Cycle - Secretory Phase * (1) ____ drops sharply, and ____ dominates * Uterine endometrium becomes (2) ____ in appearance and dilated with quantities of ____ * The capillaries of the endometrium increase in amount until the lining takes on the appearance of (3) ____

(1) Estrogen / progesterone (2) corkscrew or twisted / glycogen and mucin (3) rich, spongy velvet

# Menstrual Cycle - Secretory Phase * (1) ____ secrete small quantities of endometrial fluid in preparation for a fertilized ovum. * If implantation takes place, endometrium continuous to develop and becomes (2) ____

(1) Glandular epithelial cells (2) even more thicker creating a vascularized bed

# Menstrual Cyle Days 27-28 of the menstrual cycle

Ischemic Phase

# Menstrual Cycle - Ischemic Phase * Both (1) ____ and ____ levels drop. * If fertilization does not occur, the (2) ____ in the ovary begins to regress. * The (3) ____ of the uterus begins to degenerate. * The capillaries (4) ____, and the endometrium (5) ____

(1) estrogen and progesterone (2) corpus luteum (3) endometrium (4) rupture with minute hemorrhages (5) sloughs off

# Changes in the Cervix During the first half of the cycle: * Cervical mucus is (1) ____ * Sperm survival is (2) ____

(1) thick and scant (2) poor

# Changes in the Cervix At the time of the ovulation: * Cervical mucus becomes (1) ____ * Sperm (2) ____

(1) thin and copious (2) penetration and survival is excellent

# Changes in the Cervix During the second half of the cycle * Cervical mucus becomes (1) ____ and sperm (2) ____

(1) thick (2) survival is again poor

[3] PRELIMS | A&P OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

(156 cards)