23-Respiration

Question 0

Functions of the Respiratory system - 5

Answer 0

Surface area for gas exchange blood and air
Moving air to/from exchange surface
Protection against dehydration, temp change, pathogens, pH
Production of sound for singing, speaking
Facilitating detection of odors

Question 1

How many types of bronchi, names

Answer 1

Primary (R/L)
Secondary (lobar) - 3 R, 2 L
Tertiary (segmental)

Question 2

Bones and cartilage of nose 3+3, functions of internal structures of external nose - 3

Answer 2

Frontal bone, nasal bone, maxillae
Septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal cartilage, alar cartilage
warming/moisturizing/filtering air, detecting odors, modifying speech

Question 3

Skull bones that contain paranasal sinuses - 4

Answer 3

Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Maxillae

Question 4

Structures to swirl air in nasal cavity -3, tunnels formed - 3

Answer 4

Superior, middle, inferior nasal conchae

Superior, middle, inferior meatuses

Question 5

Anatomical regions of pharynx - 3

Answer 5

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Question 6

Nasopharynx - extends, contains, type of cells

Answer 6

Extends from nasal cavity to soft palate
Contains pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 7

Oropharynx extends, contains, cell types

Answer 7

Extends from soft palate to hyoid bone
contains Palatine tonsils (pair), Lingual tonsils (pair)
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Question 8

Laryngopharynx - extends, cell type

Answer 8

Extends from hyoid to esophagus

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Question 9

Larynx cartilage - 5

Answer 9

Thyroid cartilage
Epiglottis
Cricoid cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage pair
Corniculate cartilage pair

Question 10

Adam’s Apple (name), other major anterior cartilage, type of cartilage, 3 ligaments

Answer 10

Thyroid Cartilage, cricoid cartilage, hyaline
Thyrohyoid ligament
Cricotrachael ligament
Cricothyroid ligament

Question 11

Epiglottis - cartilage type, does what

Answer 11

Elastic cartilage

blocks trachea when swallowing

Question 12

Voice chords - 2, plus why males are low

Answer 12

Superior ventricular - false
Inferior vocal - true
Androgens in males thicken vocal folds

Question 13

Trachea - location in neck, cartilage type, muscle in cartilage

Answer 13

Anterior to esophagus
Hyaline cartilage C rings
Trachealis muscle spans opening in C

Question 14

3 Levels of bronchi inferior to trachea + intersection, then what?

Answer 14

R/L primary bronchi - right more vertical, tracheal/primary - carina
Secondary bronchi lobar - 3R, 2L, Superior, [Middle], Inferior
Tertiary are segments, BPS, 10 per lung.
Tertiary to Bronchioles - microscopic

Question 15

Bronchi dilation/constriction

Answer 15

Sympathetic & epinephrine/exercise cause bronchodilation

Parasympathetic and allergic/histamine cause bronchoconstriction

Question 16

Pleural membrane

Answer 16

Parietal, visceral, pleural cavity w/fluid
Inflammation called pleurisy or pleuritis
Fluid in pleural space called pleural effusion

Question 17

Lungs - entry for vessels

Answer 17

Hilum - blood vessels, lymph, nerves

Question 18

Lungs - large structural

Answer 18

Right lung shorter - liver
Cardiac impression and notch in Left lung
Oblique fissure both lungs Inferior lobe. Right also has horizontal fissure - middle lobe to superior lobe.

Question 19

Lungs - terminal to respiratory

Answer 19

Terminal bronchioles go to lobule - sac with elastic connective tissue
Terminal bronchioles subdivide into respiratory bronchioles, divide into alveolar ducts
Around ducts are numerous alveoli and alveolar sacs

Question 20

Alveoli - 2 types, membrane composed of

Answer 20

Thin basement membrane, simple squamous epithelium
Type I - gas exchange
Type II - produce surfactant, lowers surface tension

Question 21

Respiratory membrane - 4 + dust cells

Answer 21

Type I and type II alveolar cells
Thin basement membrane
Thin capillary basement membrane
Capillary endothelium
Dust cell is Macrophage

Question 22

Ventilation-Perfusion coupling

Answer 22

In areas of low O2, capillaries vasoconstrict, forcing blood to areas with more O2.

Question 23

3 steps of breathing

Answer 23

Pulmonary respiration - inhale/exhale
External respiration - pulmonary, gas exchange in alveoli/capillaries
Internal respiration - systemic gas exchange, capillaries and tissues

Question 24

Boyle's law

Answer 24

Pressure and volume inversely proportional

Question 25

Muscles on inhalation - 3

Answer 25

Diaphragm - contract inferiorly Also external intercostals can elevate ribs accessory - sternocleidomastoid, scalene, pectoralis minor

Question 26

Exhalation - how and muscles

Answer 26

Normal is passive, elastic recoil, 2/3 surfactin, 1/3 elastic fibers Forced exhale uses internal intercostals, abdominal muscles

Question 27

Factors affecting pulmonary ventilation - 4

Answer 27

Pressure differential inside lungs, outside air Surface tension of alveolar fluid/surfactin Compliance - stretchiness of lung tissue Airway resistance - blockage, constriction

Question 28

Oxygen binding to hemoglobin, 4 ways right shift O2 dissociation curve

Answer 28

``` All or nothing, once one binds, the other 4 sites change shape to bind easily 1 - Higher H+ 2 - Higher PP-CO2 3 - Higher temperature 4 - Higher BPG ```

Question 29

CO2 transport, how and percentages - 3, chloride shift

Answer 29

1 - 70% as bicarbonate 2 - 23% bound to hemoglobin 3 - 7% dissolved in blood plasma HCO3- and Cl- switch in and out of RBC, swap

Question 30

Control of respiration - main center plus 5 sub

Answer 30

Respiration Center Medullary rhythmic area - inspiratory area - control main rhythm, expiratory area - forceful breathing Pneumotaxic area - upper pons - turn off inspiratory area before lungs too full Apneustic - lower pons - deep inhalation, accessory muscles

Question 31

Chemoreceptors in respiration - 3, plus strong

Answer 31

1 - Central chemoreceptors - near medulla, CNS 2 - Aortic - Aorta - PNS 3 - Carotid - Common Carotid - PNS Increased CO2 levels strongly stimulate inspiratory area

Question 32

Hypercapnia, hypocapnia, hyperventilation

Answer 32

Hypercapnia - increased PP-CO2 Hypocapnia - decreased PP-CO2 Hyperventilation - quick deep breathing, increase O2 and decrease CO2 and H+

Question 33

Hering-Breuer (inflation) reflex

Answer 33

Baroreceptor to Vagus nerve, prevents overinflation of lungs

Question 34

Other regulatory influences on respiration - 6

Answer 34

``` Limbic system stimulation Temperature Pain Anal sphincter stretch Blood pressure Irritation of airways ```

Question 35

Tumor of pulmonary apex

Answer 35

Pancoast tumor