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A&P 2 > 18-Endocrine > Flashcards

18-Endocrine Flashcards

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0
Q

Endocrine glands 15

A

Hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid, parathyroid, kidney, stomach, liver, sm intestines, skin, heart, adipose tissue, placenta

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1
Q

Exocrine glands 4

A

Sweat, sebaceous, mucous, digestive

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2
Q

up/down regulation

A

down - abundance of hormone, target becomes less sensitive

up - deficiency of hormone, target more sensitive

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3
Q

hormones act in two ways

A

circulating - interstitial to blood

local - neighbors (paracrines) or self (autocrines)

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4
Q

lipid soluble hormones 3

A

steroids
thyroid
nitric oxide - hormone and neurotransmitter, vasodilation

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5
Q

water soluble hormones - 3

A

amines - epinephrine, NE, dopamine, histamine, serotonin, melatonin - fight or flight
peptide/proteins - peptide 3-49 amino acids, proteins 50-200 - carries lipid soluble in blood
eicosanoids - prostaglandins (vasodilation), leukotriens (vasoconstriction)

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6
Q

hypothalamus and pituitary parts 1+1+2

A

hypothalamus below thalamus
infundibulum connects two
anterior pituitary - pars distalis and pars tuberalis
posterior pituitary - bulbular pars nervosa and infundibulum

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7
Q

hypothalamus to anterior pituitary

A

hypophyseal portal system - arteries, capillary sytem, veins, plexus

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8
Q

pituitary secretes 5 classes

A

act on other glands - tropins
somatotrophs - growth hormone, most plentiful
thyrotrophs - TSH
gonadotrophs - FSH and luteinizing hormone
lactotrophs - prolactin (PRL)
corticotrophs - ACTH

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9
Q

somatotrophs promote

A

insulin like growth factors, human growth hormone
increase protein synthesis, causing growth
enhance lippolysis
decrease glucose uptake
big in puberty
GHRH and GHIH control

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10
Q

thyrotrophs release

A

thyroid stimulating hormone TSH
TSH promotes secretion of T3, T4
Hyothalamus produces TRH to promote TSH, feedback by T3, T4

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11
Q

gonadotrophs release

A

follicle stimulating hormone FSH - ovarian follicle development, estrogen in females, sperm in males
luteinizing hormone - triggers ovulations and progesterone in females, testosterone in males
GnRH from hypotalamus regulates these

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12
Q

lactotrophs secrete

A

prolactin PRL - initiate and maintain milk production
hypersecretion in males causes ED, females galactorrhea, amenorrhea
Controlled by PIH PRH

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13
Q

corticotrophs secrete 2

A

ACTH - production and secretion of glucocorticoids, including cortisol by adrenal cortex
melanocyte stimulating hormone MSH
Controlled by CRH, dopamine

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14
Q

Hypothalamus and Posterior Pituitary hormones - 2

A

oxytocin - smooth muscle contraction (birth contractions), milk ejection, love hormone
Antidiuretic Hormone ADH (vasopressin) - decrease urine volume
Released by neurosecretory bodies, Herring bodies, swelling in axons

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15
Q

Thyroid Anatomy 4

A

Inferior to larynx
right and left lateral lobe, connected by isthmus
half have a third lobe, pyramidal
only endocrine gland that stores product in large quantities

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16
Q

Thyroid microscopic anatomy 3

A

follicular cells - secrete T3 and T4, stain darker, squamous inactive, columnar when active
follicle is colloid surrounded by follicular cells
Parafollicular cells - secrete calcitonin

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17
Q

Thyroid T3/T4 cycle 4

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A 
Follicular cells get iodine, produce TGB, oxidize iodine to I2
Iodine attaches to TGB to make T1, T2
T1, T2 combine to make T3, T4
T3, T4 diffuse into ISF
T3, T4 transported in blood by TBG
18
Q

Thyroid hormone uses 5

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A 
increase BMR
Stimulates Na/K pump, calorigenic effect
Stimulates protein synthesis
increase lipolysis, cholesterol excretion
accelerate body growth
19
Q

Thyroid Calcitonin use 3

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A

decreases level of calcium in body by inhibiting osteoclast
inhibits bone resorbtion
accelerates Ca and P uptake into bone
Miacalcin - calcitonin extract from salmon, 10 times more potent

20
Q

Parathyroid hormone 4

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A

Chief Cells / Principle cells produce parathormone
Major regulator of calcium and magnesium
Promotes formation of active Vitamin D (D3, calcitrol)
When calcium too low
oxyphil cells no known function

21
Q

Adrenal gland high level anatomy 3

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A

Superior to kidney
Surrounded by tissue capsule, then adrenal cortex (80-90%)
Small center is adrenal medulla

22
Q

Adrenal Cortex zones 3

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A

Outside to inside
Zona glomerulosa - secretes mineralocorticoids
Zona fasciculata - secretes glucocorticoids
Zona reticularis - secretes androgens

23
Q

Adrenal Mineralocorticoids - 1, 2 uses

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A

Aldosterone - Na and K homeostasis, blood volume and pressure, also excretes protons in urine (prevents acidosis)
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway (RAA) controls aldosterone secretion

24
Thymus does what?
T cell maturation
25
Pituitary basophilic cells do what?
unknown. melanocyte-stimulating hormone in fetus
26
sodium potassium pump counts
one ATP pumps 3 Na out and 2 K into cell
27
Adrenal glucocorticoids 3+7
Cortisol (hydrocortisone), cortisone, corticosterone regulate metabolism, resistance to stress protein breakdown, gluconeogenesis, lypolysis anti-inflammatory, immune system depression
28
Adrenal Androgens
DHEA - weak, converted to estrogen, females responsible for libido after menopause Both sexes responsible for prepubertal growth spurt, axillary and pubic hair
29
Adrenal medulla
modified sympathetic ganglion, chromaffin cells | secretes 80% epi, 20% NE, fight or flight
30
pancreas
endocrine and exocrine Isles of Langerhans Alpha cells secrete glucagon, 17% Beta cells secrete insulin 70%
31
ovaries 3
2 Estrogens and progesterone produce inhibin, inhibits FSH, In pregnancy increase flexibility of pubic symphysis, dilates uterine cervix
32
Testes (testis) 2
Secrete testosterone | Secrete inhibin, inhibits FSH
33
pineal gland
Secretes melatonin contribute to biological clock potent antioxident
34
Eicosanoids
prostaglandins and leukotrienes inflammatory NSAID inhibits COX enzymes responsible for prostaglandin synthesis
35
Pancreas cycle
Hypoglycemia -> alpha cells secrete glucagon -> glycogen to glucose, stimulates gluconeogenesis -> raises glucose levels in blood Hyperglycemia -> beta cells secrete insulin -> slows glucagon, facilitates glucose diffusion into cells, lowers glucose levels in blood glucagon also stimulated by sympathetic nervous
36
Posterior pituitary development
neurohypophysis from outgrowth of hypothalamus called | neurohypophyseal bud
37
Anterior pituitary development
outgrowth of roof of mouth Rathke's (hypophyseal) pouch
38
produced in salivary gland stimulates proliferation of epithelial cells, fibroblasts, neurons, astrocytes suppresses some cancer cells & secretion of gastric juices by stomach
Epidermal Growth Factors
39
Produced in blood platelets stimulates proliferation of neuroglia, smooth muscle fibers, fibroblasts appears to have a role in wound healing may contribute to atherosclerosis development
Platelet Derived Growth Factor
40
Found in pituitary and brain stimulates proliferation of many cells derived from embryonic mesoderm - fibroblasts, adrenocortical, smooth muscle, endothelial stimulates formation of new blood vessels - angiogenesis
Fibroblast Growth Factor
41
Produced in submandibular (salivary) glands and hippocampus stimulates growth of ganglia in embryo maintains sympathetic nervous system stimulates hypertrophy and differentiation of neurons
Nerve Growth Factor
42
Produced by normal and tumor cells | stimulate growth of new capillaries, organ regeneration, wound healing
Tumor Angiogenesis Factor
43
Produced by various cells as separate molecules TGF-alpha has activities similar to EGF TGF-beta inhibits proliferation of many cell types
Transforming Growth Factor

A&P 2 (18 decks)

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