24-Digestion

Question 0

GI Accessory Organs - 6

Answer 0

Teeth, Tongue, Salivary glands, Liver, Pancreas, Gall bladder

Question 1

GI Tract organs - 6

Answer 1

Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine

Question 2

GI Tract basic processes - 6

Answer 2

Ingestion, Secretion,
Mixing and Propulsion,
Digestion, Absorption,
Defecation

Question 3

Layers of the GI tract - 4, one special exception

Answer 3

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa
In Esophagus, Serosa replaced by Adventitia

Question 4

Mucosa Layer sublayers - 3

Answer 4

Epithelium - protection, secretion, absorption
Lamina Propria - MALT
Muscularis Mucosae - rugal folds in stomach, sm. intestines

Question 5

Submucosal layer contains - 2

Answer 5

Nerves/vessels

Submucosal Plexus - for secretion

Question 6

Muscularis layer - 2 types of muscle & where, 2 layers of muscle, plexus

Answer 6

Skeletal muscle - mouth, pharynx, superior/middle esophagus, external sphincter
Smooth muscle - Lower esophagus, stomach, intestines
Inner circular muscle, outer longitudinal muscle
Myenteric Plexus - motility

Question 7

Enteric nervous system - 2 plexuses, nerves from where

Answer 7

Myenteric - in Muscularis, for Motility
Submucosal - in submucosa, for secretions
Parasympathetic - Vagus (X), plus splanchnic nerves (sacral)

Question 8

Retroperitoneal organs - 5

Answer 8

Ascending colon, descending colon, kidneys, pancreas, doudenum

Question 9

Peritoneal folds - 5

Answer 9

Greater Omentum
Lesser Omentum
Falciform
Mesentery
Mesocolon

Question 10

uvula - does what

Answer 10

blocks nasal cavity from receiving food being swallowed

Question 11

Salivary glands - 3 + what released

Answer 11

Parotid - in front of ears
Submandibular - deep under tongue, posterior to sublingual, releases salivary amylase
Sublingual - under tongue, anterior
Salivary amylase - breaks down complex carbs

Question 12

Increase/decrease salivation

Answer 12

Decrease - sympathetic nervous system

Increase - smell, taste, touch, thought of food

Question 13

Tongue intrinsic/extrinsic muscles for what

Answer 13

Intrinsic - speech

Extrinsic - everything else

Question 14

Tongue lingual glands secrete

Answer 14

Lingual lipase - acts on dietary triglycerides

Question 15

Tooth parts - 3 areas, 5 parts

Answer 15

Crown, neck, root
Enamel - hard coating on top, hardest part of body
dentin - gives tooth its shape, majority of tooth
pulp - blood supply, nerves, lymph
apical foramen - root canal through bone
root - embed each tooth into a socket, cementum to attach to periodontal ligament

Question 16

Baby teeth - when gained, when lost, types, number

Answer 16

Start 6 months, 2 per month
Lost age 6-12 years
20 teeth
4 incisors, 2 canines (cuspids), 4 molars per jaw

Question 17

Adult teeth - number, types

Answer 17

32 total, 16 per jaw
4 incisors
2 cuspids (canines)
4 bicuspids (premolars)
6 molars

Question 18

Physical digestion called, produces, muscles - 4

Answer 18

Mastication, bolus

Masseter, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid, temporalis

Question 19

Chemical digestion - 2

Answer 19

Salivary amylase - starch

Lingual lipase - needs acidic environment, triglycerides

Question 20

Two tubes in throat, which is anterior

Answer 20

Trachea (anterior), esophagus

Question 21

Esophagus muscle types by 1/3

Answer 21

Proximal 1/3 - skeletal
Middle 1/3 mixed
Distal 1/3 - smooth

Question 22

Deglutition - 3 stages, what follows it

Answer 22

Voluntary
Pharyngeal
Esophageal
Peristalsis in Esophageal phase

Question 23

Stomach parts including folds and two curves - 8

Answer 23

Lesser curve, Greater curve
Cardia, fundus
Body
Pylorus, pyloric sphincter
Rugae - folds

Question 24

Types of epithelium in Stomach - 3, 2 juices + factor absorbs what

Answer 24

Mucous neck cells Parietal - produce intrinsic factor, absorbs vitamin B-12 Chief cells - produce pepsinogen, gastric lipase Pepsinogen cleaves to pepsin in small intestine, breaks down proteins

Question 25

Pancreas - sections - 3, ducts - 2, ends in

Answer 25

Head, body, tail Main pancreatic duct, accessory pancreatic duct Hepatopancreatic ampulla (Vater), empties into duodenum

Question 26

Type of most pancreatic cells (exocrine), juices produced - 4

Answer 26

``` 99% acini (acinar cells) Pancreatic amylase - starch Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypepsidase, elastase - proteins Pancreatic lipase - triglycerides (deoxy)ribonuclease - RNA/DNA ```

Question 27

Liver/gallbladder ducts - 5

Answer 27

R/L hepatic to common hepatic duct, branches to cystic duct (gallbladder) and common bile duct Common bile duct joins main pancreatic duct at Vater ampulla

Question 28

Liver - 4/5 major components

Answer 28

Hepatocytes - secrete bile, transport and emulsify fat Bile canaliculi - small bile capillaries, lead to bile ducts Hepatic sinusoids - Hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein

Question 29

Functions of liver - 8

Answer 29

Produce bile, emulsify and transport fat, lacteals Carb metabolism - store glycogen, glucose glycogen Lipid metabolism - synthesize cholesterol, store triglycerides Protein metabolism - synthesize blood proteins - albumin Detoxification - alcohol, drugs Excrete bilirubin Store vitamin A, D, E, K, B12 Activation of vitamin D

Question 30

Bile - pH, pigment, tasks, stored

Answer 30

pH is basic pigment is bilirubin, breakdown of RBC Stored and concentrated in gallbladder Emulsifies and transports fat

Question 31

Small intestine parts, small to large

Answer 31

Duodenum Jejunum Ileum

Question 32

Small intestine absorption (blood&lymph), protection - 3

Answer 32

Villi, microvilli - absorb nutrients, large surface area Lacteals - lymphatic capillaries, carry away nutrients (Fat), reabsorb bile Peyer's patches - participate in neutralizing pathogens

Question 33

Intestinal juice - where comes from, how it gets into intestine

Answer 33

Brush border enzyme - sits in microvilli, they break apart, juice flows into lumen

Question 34

Most absorbtion occurs where, methods - 4

Answer 34

``` Small intestine Diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Active transport ```

Question 35

Large intestine parts - 10

Answer 35

Vermiform appendix - holds bacteria for when wiped out in intestines Cecum - connects to ileum Ascending/transverse/descending/sigmoid colon R/L (hepatic/splenic) colic flexure Rectum, anus

Question 36

Movement in colon - 4, main job

Answer 36

Teniae coli - band of muscle along colon Haustra - segment of colon Haustral churning - churn within one haustra Mass peristalsis - move everything along toward rectum Absorb or add water to chyme/feces

Question 37

Name of chunk of food as it passes digestive system - 3

Answer 37

Bolus in mouth, esophagus, stomach Chyme in small intestine, large intestine Feces in Large intestine

Question 38

Contents of Foregut-4, Midgut-7, Hindgut

Answer 38

Foregut - pharynx, esophagus, stomach, part of duodenum Midgut - Duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, part of transverse colon Hindgut - remainder of large intestines

Question 39

Name of line of tissue restricting upper/lower lip in middle

Answer 39

Frenulum