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Psychopathology 248 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

a state of being profoundly out of touch with reality

A

psychosis

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2
Q

a psychiatric diagnosis currently typified by psychosis along with disturbed thoughts, language, and behavior

A

schizophrenia

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3
Q

what are positive symptoms?

A

overt symptoms, delusions, hallucinations, thought disorder, disorganized behavior

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4
Q

beliefs that are highly unlikely to be true, fixed despite contradictory evidence

A

delusions

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5
Q

what is a bizarre delusion?

A

a delusion that is not possible

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6
Q

what is a non bizarre delusion?

A

a delusion that is plausible, but very unlikely

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7
Q

what kind of delusion is connected with violence?

A

control delusions

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8
Q

unreal perceptual experience in any sensory field (most commonly auditory)

A

hallucinations

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9
Q

disordered thinking and speech

A

thought disorder

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10
Q

examples of thought disorder

A

loose association, derailment, thought blocking, neologisms, clang associations, echolalia, echopraxia, word salad

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11
Q

what is neologisms?

A

made up words

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12
Q

what are clang associations?

A

word choice is based on the sound, not the meaning

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13
Q

what is echolalia?

A

mimicking sounds

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14
Q

what is echopraxia?

A

mimicking body movements

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15
Q

wide variety of bizarre or disrupted patterns: catatonia, waxy flexibility, poor hygiene, agitation

A

grossly disorganized behavior

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16
Q

negative symptoms (5 A’s)

A 
affective flattening 
anhedonia 
alogia 
avolition 
asociality
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17
Q

what is affective flattening?

A

lack of facial expression

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18
Q

what is anhedonia?

A

lack of positive emotion

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19
Q

what is alogia?

A

absence of speech production

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20
Q

what is avolition?

A

the loss in motivation to carry out typical behaviors

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21
Q

what is asociality?

A

not wanting to engage in social activity

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22
Q

3 phases of schizophrenia

A

prodromal
active
residual

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23
Q

treatment for schizophrenia?

A

1st generation anti-psychotics like prolixin or haldol. reduces symptoms in 75% of patients, must take maintenance doses. side effects: tardive dyskensia, parkinsonianism, depression, sedation, sexual dysfunction
2nd generation anti-psychotics like zyprexa, risperdal, or clozaril. has less severe side effects like weight gain, dizziness, etc.

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24
Q

a significant disruption in ones conscious experience, memory, sense of identity, without physical cause

A

dissociation

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25
Q

the presence of 2 or more distinct personalities that take turns controlling an individuals behavior, where switching is sudden and often dramatic

A

dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality disorder)

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26
Q

DID results from traumatic childhood experience

A

post traumatic model

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27
Q

DID results from socially reinforced multiple role enactments

A

sociocognitive model

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28
Q

examples of delusions

A 
Persecutory
Grandiose
Referential
Religious
Somatic
Erotomanic
Jealous
Nihilistic
Control
Thought withdrawal/insertion/broadcasting
29
Q

brain structure abnormalities in a person with schizophrenia

A 
Enlarged ventricles
Smaller/less active prefrontal cortex – associated w/ negative symptoms
Less cortical gray matter
Less white matter
Smaller/less active hippocampus
30
Q

reinforcement techniques based on operant conditioning principles

A

behavioral interventions

31
Q

significant impairment in the development of one or more cognitive domains

A

neurodevelopment disorder

32
Q

mental retardation and physical abnormalities caused by three 21 chromosomes

A

down syndrome (trisomy 21)

33
Q

genetic abnormality of X chromosome that causes learning disabilities, long shaped heads, and large ears

A

fragile X syndrome

34
Q

liver fails to produce an enzyme that metabolizes phenylalanine, which causes intellectual disability, hyperactivity and seizures

A

phenylketonuria

35
Q

progressive deterioration of the central nervous system resulting in death. there is no cure and it is more common in Jewish children (children rarely live past age 4)

A

tay-sachs disease

36
Q

prenatal exposure to alcohol resulting in intellectual disability and physical abnormalities

A

fetal alcohol syndrome

37
Q

the most common childhood physical trauma associated with permanent brain damage that causes severe bruising of the brain resulting in heavy bleeding within the skull

A

shaken baby syndrome

38
Q

sociocultural factors for intellectual disability

A

extreme poverty (no prenatal care, meager nutrition, substandard schools)

39
Q

how can you help someone with intellectual disabilities?

A

provide support for the person, promote “normal” functioning, get them in special education, group homes, supervised apartments, or family homes.

40
Q

deficits in academic skills relative to expected functioning based on age, education level, and IQ) or a disorder that interferes with academic and/or daily living activities

A

learning disorder

41
Q

3 types of learning disorders

A

dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia

42
Q

how can you help someone with a learning disorder?

A

simplify concepts, reexplain concepts, develop problem solving techniques, reward success and appropriate behavior, and identify appropriate accommodations

43
Q

core characteristics of autism spectrum disorders

A

persistent impairment (reciprocal social communications and social interaction) or restricted or repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. symptoms are present in early developmental period

44
Q

persistent pattern of inattention, hyperactivity, or impulsivity

A

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

45
Q

significant disturbance in one or more cognitive domains: like attention, executive function, learning and memory, language, perceptual-motor, or social cognition (significant change from previous behavior)

A

neurocognitive disorder

46
Q

disturbed attention and awareness. symptoms occur rapidly over hours or days and tend to fluctuate over time. additional cognitive deficit must also be present

A

delirium

47
Q

symptoms of delirium

A

fatigue, impaired concentration, restlessness, irritability or depression, perceptual disturbances, disrupted orientation, memory impairment (immediate to remote). relatively quick onset and often quick remission, symptoms can fluctuate (example: sundowning)

48
Q

causes of delirium

A

most common is adverse drug reactions. also, severe illness, infections, surgery, neurological insult (stroke, seizure, etc.) dehydration or electrolyte imbalance.

49
Q

how can you treat delirium?

A

figure out why it happened and treat that problem. sometimes psychotropic medicines are used to reduce agitation.

50
Q

significant decline in one or more cognitive domains and impairment of everyday functioning

A

major neurocognitive disorder

51
Q

modest decline in one or more cognitive domain, but no impairment of everyday functioning

A

mild neurocognitive disorder

52
Q

alzheimers dementia

A

symptoms get worse over time: memory loss, executive function decline, depression/paranoia/delusions/hallucinations, agnosia (can’t recognize faces), aphasia, apraxia (can’t get your body to do what you want it to do), confusion/disorientation, personality change (aggression, inappropriate sexual behavior) death.

53
Q

causes of alzheimers

A

brain shrinks due to cell death and reduced # of dendrites. neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques “gum up the works” of cells/synapses. this brain deterioration leads to dementia problems

54
Q

4 types of dissociation disorders

A
  1. dissociative fugue
  2. depersonalization disorder
  3. dissociative amnesia
  4. dissociative identity disorder
55
Q

the most basic ego defense mechanism

A

repression

56
Q

a defense mechanism where good and bad are separated into different personalities

A

splitting

57
Q

brain abnormalities associated with DID

A

smaller amygdala and hippocampus

58
Q

treatment for DID

A

Basic goal is to integrate all personalities into one coherent personality.
Frequently uses hypnosis
Sometimes uses medications to help w/ anxiety, depression, etc.
“Maps” personalities
Explores trauma
Learn new stress coping skills

59
Q

less overt symptoms, representing a decline/loss of functioning

A

negative symptoms

60
Q

the belief that someone is out to get them

A

persecutory delusion

61
Q

the belief that someone or something is sending a specific message for them. A neutral event is believed to have special and personal meaning to them

A

referential delusion

62
Q

the belief that they are an important figure, such as God or the President

A

grandiose delusion

63
Q

the belief that God is talking to them, or that they are someone associated with God.

A

religious delusion

64
Q

the belief that your body is abnormal in an extremely unlikely manner, such as being infested with parasites.

A

somatic delusion

65
Q

the belief that someone, usually a stranger or person of higher power, is in love with them

A

erotomanic delusion

66
Q

the belief that ones sexual partner is unfaithful; no trust

A

jealous delusion

67
Q

the belief that ones self, a part of your body, or the world has been destroyed or is no longer there

A

nihilistic delusion

68
Q

the belief that ones thoughts or actions are being controlled by outside, or alien forces

A

control delusions

69
Q

what does the abnormal attentional processes say about schizophrenia?

A

says that positive symptoms are caused by over attention to irrelevant stimuli, and negative symptoms are caused by under attention to important stimuli

Psychopathology 248 (8 decks)

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