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Gross Anatomy 2 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

0
Q

What structures make up the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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1
Q

What is the structural organization of the Nervous System?

A

It can be divided into the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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2
Q

What structures make up the PNS?

A

Spinal nerves (31) and cranial nerves (12)

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3
Q

What is the functional division of the Nervous System?

A

It can be divided into the Afferent Sensory division and the Efferent Motor division

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4
Q

What can the Afferent Sensory Division be divided into?

A

Somatic sensory- information from skin, joints, skeletal muscle, special senses, fascia
Visceral sensory- information from the viscera/organs

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5
Q

What can the Efferent Motor Division be divided into?

A

Somatic Motor- voluntary nervous system (skeletal muscles)

Autonomic Motor- involuntary nervous system (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands)

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6
Q

How does information travel via the Afferent Sensory CNS?

A

Information travels to the CNS from the body

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7
Q

How does information travel via the Efferent Motor CNS?

A

From the CNS to the rest of the body

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8
Q

What are the 3 cell types that make up the Nervous System?

A
  1. Schwann Cells
  2. Neuroglia Cells (Glial Cells)
  3. Neurons
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9
Q

What are Glial cells (neuroglia)?

A

Non-excitable cells that are for support, insulation, and nourishment of neurons

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10
Q

What are Schwann Cells?

A

These are the glial cells the of the PNS

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11
Q

What do Schwann Cells produce?

A

Myelin protein for myelinated axons

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12
Q

What is the relationship between Schwann Cells and axons?

A

Schwann Cells will encase the axon- groups of up to 10unmyelinated axons can be encased by 1 Schwann cell

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13
Q

What is an oligodendrocyte?

A

It is the type of glial cell in the CNS and is the equivalent of the Schwann cell in the PNS

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14
Q

What is Myelin and what is its function?

A

Myelin is layers of protein and lipid that forms a sheath around some axons and increases the speed of the impulse transmission between neurons

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15
Q

What is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system?

A

Neuron

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16
Q

What is the function of the neuron?

A

Specialized for rapid communication

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17
Q

What are the components of a neuron?

A

Cell body (soma, Perikarya)
Dendrite
Axon- can be myelinated or unmyelinated

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18
Q

What does a dendrite do?

A

Carry impulses to the neuron cell body

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19
Q

What does an axon do?

A

Carry impulses away from the neuron cell body

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20
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The point at which one neuron communicates with one or more neurons

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21
Q

What facilitates the communication between neurons?

A

Neurotransmitters

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22
Q

What are some neurotransmitters?

A

Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
GABA

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23
Q

What is the nucleus in the CNS?

A

It is a collection of neuron cell bodies

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24
Q

Where is gray matter located in the CNS?

A

Nucleus

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25
Q

What is a tract?

A

It is a collection of nerve fibers that connect nuclei and is found only in the CNS

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26
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

It is a collection of nerve cell bodies and is only present in the PNS (outside the CNS)

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27
Q

What are peripheral nerves?

A

A collection of nerve fibers that connect the CNS with peripheral structures, spinal nerves, or cranial nerves

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28
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin?

A

At the medulla of the brain stem

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29
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

At the L1-L2 vertebrae in adults and L2-L3 vertebrae in children

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30
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

A long and thin tube shaped bundle of nerve fibers

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31
Q

What is the primary function of the spinal cord?

A

Transmit signals to and from the brain to peripheral structures

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32
Q

What is the shape of the spinal cord in the cervical region?

A

It is large and oval shaped

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33
Q

Is there a large amount or a small amount of white matter in the cervical spinal cord and why?

A

There is a large amount of white matter because all motor information that needs to pass to the body needs to go through the cervical region

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34
Q

What is gray matter?

A

It is a component of the CNS made up of nerve cell bodies and few myelinated axons

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35
Q

What is white matter?

A

It is a component of the CNS that is made up of glial cells and myelinated axons and few cell bodies

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36
Q

Is there a large amount or a small amount gray matter in the cervical region and why?

A

There is a small amount of gray matter because the cervical region is mostly sensory and gray matter is mostly for motor information (descending (motor) tracts have not excited the spinal cord)

37
Q

What is the shape of the thoracic spinal cord?

A

It is oval shaped but smaller than the cervical region

38
Q

The thoracic region has which horn of gray matter?

A

Lateral horn which contains part of the autonomic NS

39
Q

What cell bodies are located in the thoracic spinal cord?

A

Cell bodies of the sympathetic nervous system

40
Q

What is the shape of the lumbar spinal cord?

A

Round in shape and large

41
Q

Does the lumbar region contain a large amount or a small amount of gray matter and why?

A

It has the largest amount of gray matter because it is more for the motor function of the lower limbs

42
Q

What is the shape of the sacral spinal cord?

A

Similar to the lumbar spinal cord but smaller

43
Q

Descending and ascending tracts of the sacral spinal cord

A

Most Descending tracts have excited the spinal cord

Many Ascending tracts have not yet entered the spinal cord

44
Q

What are the 3 meninges of the spinal cord?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

45
Q

What is dura mater?

A

It is the thick and fibrous outermost layer of the spinal cord

46
Q

What separates the dura mater and the spinal cord?

A

Epidural space

47
Q

What does the dura mater form?

A

The spinal dural sac

48
Q

What pierces the dural sac?

A

Spinal nerves

49
Q

At which region of the vertebral column does the dura mater end?

A

S1/S2

50
Q

What anchors the dural sac to the coccyx?

A

Film terminale

51
Q

What is arachnoid mater?

A

The delicate and vascular middle layer of the spinal cord

52
Q

What is the subarachnoid space?

A

The space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater

53
Q

What is in the subarachnoid space?

A

CSF

54
Q

What is CSF?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

It is a clear and odorless fluid that is low in protein and cellular content and it is a cushion for the cord

55
Q

What is pia mater?

A

It is the inner most layer of the spinal cord and is also the most delicate layer- it closely follows the surface of the cord

56
Q

Pia mater

A

This layer directly covers the spinal nerve roots and blood vessels and it continues as the filum terminale

57
Q

What is filum terminale?

A

It is a continuation of pia mater coming off of the conus medullaris after the spinal cord has ended- it pushes through the dural sac taking pia and arachnoid matter with it

58
Q

What does the filum terminale do?

A

It anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx

59
Q

What is the denticulate ligament?

A

Sheets of pia mater that runs longitudinal to the cord

60
Q

What is the function of the denticulate ligament?

A

It anchors the spinal cord to the dural sac and it separates the posterior and anterior roots

61
Q

How many total spinal nerves are there?

A

31

62
Q

Where do the cervical spinal nerves exit?

A

From the intervertebral foramina above the named segment and C8 exits above T1

63
Q

Where do the thoracic spinal nerves exit?

A

The intervertebral foremen below the named segment

64
Q

Where do the lumbar spinal nerves exit?

A

The intervertebral foremen below the named segment

65
Q

What do spinal nerves do?

A

They carry posterior (Afferent/sensory) and anterior (efferent/motor) information from 1 spinal segment

66
Q

Where do the dorsal and ventral root run?

A

In the subarachnoid space

67
Q

What meningeal layer covers the spinal nerves?

A

Pia mater

68
Q

What meningeal layer do the spinal nerves pierce?

A

Dura mater

69
Q

What are the 3 connective tissue coverings of the peripheral nerves?

A

Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium

70
Q

What does the epineurium enclose?

A

It encloses the bundle of fascicles including fat, blood vessels, amd lymphatics- this is the outermost covering

71
Q

What does the perineurium enclose?

A

Dense tissue around one fascicles to protect it against foreign substances- this is the middle layer

72
Q

What does the endoneurium enclose?

A

It is a delicate sheath that encloses a neurolemma and cells- this is the inner most layer

73
Q

What forms the brachial plexus

A

C5-T1

74
Q

What does the brachial plexus innervate?

A

The upper extremities

75
Q

What forms the lumbosacral plexus?

A

It is formed by the lumbar and sacral nerve roots of L1-S5

76
Q

What does the lumbosacral plexus innervate?

A

The lower extremities

77
Q

What is the lumbar cistern?

A

An enlargement of the subarachnoid space to accommodate the cauda equina

78
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

An area of skin innervate by a single spinal nerve

79
Q

What is a myotome?

A

Muscle receiving Innervation from a single spinal level

80
Q

What are the 3 longitudinal arteries that run from the brain stem to the conus medullaris and supply the superior spinal cord?

A

The 1 anterior spinal artery and 2 posterior spinal arteries

81
Q

Where is the anterior spinal artery from?

A

Branches of the vertebral artery

82
Q

Where are the posterior spinal arteries from?

A

Vertebral or posterior inferior cerebellar artery

83
Q

What arteries supply most of the spinal cord?

A

Segmental medullary and radicular artery

84
Q

Which artery reinforces circulation to 2/3 of the cord?

A

Greater anterior segmental medullary artery

85
Q

Which artery supplies the nerve roots?

A

Anterior/posterior radicular arteries

86
Q

How many spinal veins are there?

A

3 anterior spinal veins and 3 posterior spinal veins

87
Q

How do the spinal vein run?

A

They run longitudinally and communicate freely with each other

88
Q

What drains the spinal veins?

A

The 12 anterior and posterior medullary and radicular veins

89
Q

What do the spinal veins form?

A

Internal vertebral venous plexus in the epidural space which communicates with dural venous sinuses and veins of the cranium

Gross Anatomy 2 (10 decks)

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