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Pre-Pharm > Bio Ch 20 > Flashcards

Bio Ch 20 Flashcards

1
Q

Virus

A

associated with a number of plant, animal, and human diseases; biological enigma

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2
Q

Capsid

A

all viruses have; composed of protein subunits and an inner core of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA, but not both)

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3
Q

Obligate intracellular parasites

A

viruses; can’t reproduce outside a living cell

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4
Q

Bacteriophages (phages)

A

viruses that parasitize bacteria

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5
Q

Lytic Cycle

A

5 stages: attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, & release

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6
Q

Lysogenic Cycle

A

infecting phage does not immediately proliferate, but may do so sometime in the future; in the meantime, the phage is latent (not actively replicating)

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7
Q

Prophage

A

while latent, the viral DNA is called this

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8
Q

Lysogenic Cells

A

prophage is replicated along with the host DNA and all subsequent cells (called this) carry a copy of the prophage genome

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9
Q

Retroviruses

A

animal viruses with an RNA genome that is converted into DNA within the host cell by a special enzyme called reverse transcriptase

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10
Q

Reverse Transcriptase

A

special enzyme that converts an RNA genome into DNA within a host cell

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11
Q

Emerging Viruses

A

new or previously uncommon illnesses caused by viruses that are able to infect large numbers of humans; AIDS, West Nile encephalitis, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Ebola hemorrhagic fever, and avian influenza (bird flu)

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12
Q

Viroids

A

naked strands of RNA (not covered by a capsid); causes crop diseases (potatoes, coconuts, citrus)

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13
Q

Prions

A

proteinaceous infectious particles; cause a number of fatal brain diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE’s); proteins that normally exist in an animal, but have a different conformation/structure; cause infection by interacting with a normal protein and altering its structure

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14
Q

Neurogenerative Diseases

A

TSE’s; those that destroy nerve tissue in the brain; ex = mad cow disease

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15
Q

Prokaryotes

A

bacteria & archaea; fully functioning, living, single-celled organisms

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16
Q

Flagella

A

some prokaryotes move by means of this; bacterial type has a filament composed of strands of the protein flagellin wound in a helix

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17
Q

Fimbriae

A

short bristlelike fibers extending from the surface of many prokaryotes

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18
Q

Nucleoid

A

dense area in a prokaryote where a single chromosome consisting of a strand of circular DNA is found

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19
Q

Plasmids

A

many prokaryotes have accessory rings of DNA called this; can be extracted and used to carry foreign DNA into host bacteria during genetic engineering processes

20
Q

Binary Fission

A

prokaryotes reproduce asexually by means of this

21
Q

Conjugation

A

two bacteria temporarily linked together, often by means of a conjugation pilus; while linked, the donor cell passes DNA to a recipient cell

22
Q

Transformation

A

occurs when a cell picks up free pieces of DNA from its surrounding medium; this DNA has been secreted by live prokaryotes or released by dead ones

23
Q

Transduction

A

bacteriophages carry portions of DNA from one bacterial cell to another

24
Q

Bacteria

A

more common type of prokaryote

25
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

part of the cell wall of bacteria; = complex of polysaccharides linked by amino acids

26
Q

Gram-positive bacteria

A

single plasma membrane; thick peptidoglycan layer, stains dark purple

27
Q

Gram-negative bacteria

A

stains lighter purple or lacks purple color completely; peptidoglycan layer is sandwiched between 2 plasma membranes; this extra, outer membrane reduces the amount of Gram stain that binds to the peptidoglycan, so iodine-dye complex is washed away; 2nd dye (safranin) needed to stain bacteria pink so that it can be seen under a microscope

28
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

A

some bacteria are this; unable to grow in the presence of free oxygen

29
Q

Facultative Anaerobes

A

some bacteria are this; able to grow in either the presence or the absence of gaseous oxygen

30
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

photosynthetic; use solar energy to reduce CO2 to organic compounds

31
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

carry out chemosynthesis; oxidize inorganic compounds such as hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia to obtain the necessary energy to reduce CO2 to an organic compound

32
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

take in organic nutrients

33
Q

Saphrotrophs

A

aerobic bacteria that decompose almost any large organic molecule into smaller ones that can be absorbed; AKA decomposers

34
Q

Symbiotic relationships

A

2 different species live together in an intimate way

35
Q

Mutualism

A

both species benefit from their association

36
Q

Commensalism

A

Only one species benefits while the other is unaffected

37
Q

Parasitism

A

one species benefits while harming the other

38
Q

Pathogens

A

parasitic bacteria that cause diseases

39
Q

Endospores

A

some of the deadliest pathogens form these when faced with unfavorable environmental conditions

40
Q

Toxins

A

in almost all cases, the growth of microbes themselves does not cause disease; the poisonous substances they release, called this, are the pathological portion

41
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Gram-negative bacteria with a number of unusual traits; photosynthetic

42
Q

Lichens

A

cyanobacteria in association with fungi form these that can grow on rocks

43
Q

Archaea

A

at one time thought to be unique group of bacteria; in 1977, Woese and Fox discovered that the rRNA of archaea has a different sequence of bases than the rRNA of bacteria

44
Q

Methanogens

A

Methane makers; obligate anaerobes found in environments such as swamps, marshes, and the intestinal tracts of animals; chemoautotrophs; use H2 to reduce CO2 to methane (biogas)

45
Q

Halophiles

A

archaea that require high salt concentrations (usually 12 - 15%); use chloride pumps that use halorhodopsin to pump chloride to the inside of the cell to prevent water loss; aerobic chemoheterotrophs

46
Q

Thermoacidophiles

A

isolated from extremely hot, acidic environments, such as hot springs, geysers, submarine thermal vents, and around volcanoes; chemoautotrophic anaerobes; use hydrogen as electron donor and sulfur (or sulfur compounds) as terminal electron acceptors for their ETC’s; H2S and protons (H+) are common products

Pre-Pharm (182 decks)

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