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Pre-Pharm > Bio Ch 33 > Flashcards

Bio Ch 33 Flashcards

1
Q

Immune System

A

protects us from all sorts of harmful invaders, including bacterial and viral pathogens, various toxins, and perhaps even cancerous cells that occasionally arise

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2
Q

PAMPs

A

pathogenic-associated molecular patterns; when receptors bind to these, they trigger an immune reaction, increasing the odds that the pathogen can be eliminated

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3
Q

Innate Immunity

A

type of host defense; can recognized common microbial invaders very quickly but show no sign of an increased response upon repeated exposure to the same invader

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4
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

most vertebrate animals exhibit this, characterized by the production of a very large number of diverse receptors that are found on the surface of specialized white blood cells (such as B and T lymphocytes in humans)

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5
Q

Antigens

A

foreign substance, usually a protein or a polysaccharide, that stimulates the immune system to react, such as to produce antibodies

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6
Q

Lymphatic system

A

closely associated with the cardiovascular and immune systems; includes the lymphatic vessels and the lymphoid organs; 3 main functions that contribute to homeostasis - (1) capillaries that absorb excess tissue fluid and return it to the bloodstream, (2) lacteals absorb fats in the form of lipoproteins and transport them in the bloodstream, & (3) organs & vessels are sites of production and distribution of lymphocytes, which help defend the body against pathogens

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7
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

form a one-way system that begins with ____ capillaries

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8
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A

tiny, closed-ended vessels that take up excess tissue fluid

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9
Q

Lymph

A

fluid inside lymphatic capillaries

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10
Q

Lymphoid (lymphatic) organs

A

organ other than a lymphatic vessel that is part of the lymphatic system; lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, thymus gland, and bone marrow

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11
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

bone marrow, thymus

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12
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

sites where some lymphocytes are activated by antigens

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13
Q

Red bone marrow

A

major primary lymphoid organ; spongy, semisolid red tissue where hematopoietic stem cells divide and produce all the types of blood cells, including lymphocytes

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14
Q

B cells

A

type of lymphocyte that begins development in the red bone marrow and remains there until they are mature

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15
Q

T cells

A

type of lymphocyte; immature, migrate from the bone marrow via the bloodstream to the thymus, where they mature

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16
Q

Thymus

A

soft, bilobed; primary lymphoid organ located in the thoracic cavity between the trachea and the sternum ventral to the heart

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17
Q

Lymph nodes

A

small ovoid structures occurring along lymphatic vessels; major type of secondary lymphoid organ

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18
Q

Spleen

A

oval secondary lymphoid organ with a dull purplish color; located in the upper left side of the abdominal cavity posterior to the stomach; most of this contains red pulp that filters and cleanses the blood

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19
Q

Immunity

A

capability of removing or killing foreign substances, pathogens, and cancer cells from the body

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20
Q

Inflammatory response

A

when tissues are damaged by a variety of causes, including pathogens, a series of events known as this occurs

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21
Q

Histamine

A

substances, produced by basophils in blood and mast cells in connective tissue, that causes capillaries to dilate

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22
Q

Mast cells

A

connective tissue that releases histamine in allergic reactions

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23
Q

Neutrophils

A

able to leave the bloodstream and phagocytize bacteria in tissues

24
Q

Eosinophils

A

can be phagocytic but they are better known for mounting an attack against animal parasites such as tapeworms that are too large to be phagocytized

25
Q

Macrophages

A

1 of 2 longer-living types of phagocytic white blood cells; found in all sorts of tissues

26
Q

Dendritic cells

A

1 of 2 longer-living types of phagocytic white blood cells; especially prevalent in the skin

27
Q

Natural killer (NK) cells

A

large, granular lymphocytes that kill virus-infected cells and cancer cells by cell-to-cell contact; do their work while adaptive defenses are still mobilizing; produce cytokines that promote adaptive immunity

28
Q

Complement

A

composed of a number of blood plasma proteins, produced mainly by the liver, they _____ certain immune responses

29
Q

Interferons

A

antiviral agent produced by an infected cell that blocks the infection of another cell

30
Q

Cytokines

A

soluble proteins that affect the behavior of other cells

31
Q

Antigen receptors

A

both B cells and T cells are capable of binding to and “recognizing” specific antigens because they have these on their plasma membrane

32
Q

B-cell receptor

A

receptor for antigen on the surface of a B cell

33
Q

Clonal selection theory

A

states that the antigen receptor of each B cell or T cell binds to only a single type of antigen

34
Q

Plasma cells

A

mature B cell that mass-produces antibodies

35
Q

Memory B cells

A

cells that always remember a particular antigen and make us immune to a particular illness (but not to any other illness)

36
Q

Antibody-mediated immunity

A

defense of the body by B cells; AKA humoral immunity

37
Q

Immuniglobulins (Ig)

A

antibodies; classes of these determined by structure of the constant region

38
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

one of many antibodies produced by a clone of hybridoma cells that all bind to the same antigen

39
Q

T-cell receptor (TCR)

A

molecule on the surface of a T cell that can bind to a specific antigen fragment in combination with an MHC molecule

40
Q

MHC (major histocompatibility complex) protein

A

protein marker that is a part of cell-surface markers anchored in the plasma membrane, which the immune system uses to identify “self”

41
Q

Helper T cells

A

regulate adaptive immunity

42
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

attack and kill virus-infected cells and cancer cells

43
Q

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

A

cell that displays an antigen to certain cells of the immune system so they can defend the body against that particular antigen

44
Q

Memory T cells

A

T cell that differentiated during an initial infection and responds rapidly during subsequent exposure to the same antigen

45
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

destruction or elimination of pathogens and other threats by T cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, or other cells

46
Q

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

A

virus responsible for AIDS

47
Q

Active immunity

A

occurs when an individual produces their own immune response against an antigen

48
Q

Immunization

A

involves the use of vaccines, substances that contain an antigen to which the immune system responds

49
Q

Passive immunity

A

occurs when an individual receives another person’s antibodies or immune cells

50
Q

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

A

both T cells and B cells are either lacking completely or not functioning well enough to protect the body from a variety of infections that aren’t a problem for most people

51
Q

Allergies

A

hypersensitivities to substances such as pollen, food, or animal hair, that ordinarily would do no harm to the body

52
Q

Immediate allergic response

A

can occur within seconds of contact with an allergen

53
Q

Asthma

A

airways leading to the lungs constrict, resulting in difficulty breathing accompanied by wheezing

54
Q

Anaphylactic shock

A

immediate allergic response that occurs after an allergen has entered the bloodstream

55
Q

Delayed allergic response

A

initiated by memory T cells at the site of allergen contact in the body; regulated by the cytokines secreted by these sensitized T cells at the site

56
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

immune system mistakenly attacks their body’s own cells or molecules

Pre-Pharm (182 decks)

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