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Pre-Pharm > Bio Ch 31 > Flashcards

Bio Ch 31 Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue

A

composed of specialized cells of the same or similar type that perform a common function in the body

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2
Q

Epithelial tissue (epithelium)

A

consists of tightly packed cells that form a continuous layer; covers surfaces and lines body cavities

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3
Q

Basement membrane

A

thin layer of various types of proteins that anchors the epithelium to the extracellular matrix (often a type of connective tissue)

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4
Q

Squamous epithelium

A

composed of flattened cells; found lining blood vessels and the air sacs of lungs

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5
Q

Cuboidal epithelium

A

cube-shaped cells and is found lining the kidney tubules and various glands

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6
Q

Columnar epithelium

A

has cells resembling rectangular pillars or columns, with nuclei usually located near the bottom of each cell; found lining the digestive tract, where it efficiently absorbs nutrients from the small intestine because of minute cellular extensions called microvilli

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7
Q

Gland

A

can be a single epithelial cell, as in the case of mucus-secreting goblet cells within the columnar epithelium lining the digestive tract, or a gland may contain many cells

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8
Q

Exocrine glands

A

glands that secrete their products into ducts

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9
Q

Endocrine glands

A

glands that have no duct (pituitary, thyroid); secrete hormones internally, so they are transported by the bloodstream

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10
Q

Connective tissue

A

the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in complex animals; diverse in structure and function; 3 components - specialized cells, ground substance, protein fibers

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11
Q

Collagen fibers

A

white fiber in the matrix of connective tissue giving flexibility and strength

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12
Q

Reticular fibers

A

very thin collagen fibers that are highly branched and form delicate supporting networks

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13
Q

Elastic fibers

A

yellow fiber containing elastin, a protein that is not as strong as collagen but is more elastic

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14
Q

Fibroblasts

A

both loose fibrous and dense fibrous connective tissues have cells called this that are located some distance from one another and are separated by a jellylike matrix containing white collagen fibers and yellow elastic fibers

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15
Q

Loose fibrous connective tissue

A

supports epithelium and also many internal organs; its presence in lungs, arteries, and the bladder allows these organs to expand

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16
Q

Adipose tissue

A

serves as the body’s primary energy reservoir

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17
Q

Dense fibrous connective tissue

A

contains many collagen fibers that are packed together; has more specific functions than does loose connective tissue

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18
Q

Tendons

A

connect muscles to bones

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19
Q

Ligaments

A

connect bones to other bones at joints

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20
Q

Cartilage

A

cells lie in small chambers called lacunae (sing. lacuna), separated by a matrix that is solid yet flexible

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21
Q

Lacuna (pl. lacunae)

A

small pit or hollow cavity, as in bone or cartilage, where a cell or cells are located

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22
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

most common type of cartilage; contains only very fine collagen fibers; found in nose, ends of long bones and ribs; forms rings in the walls of respiratory passages; fetal skeleton also made of this type of cartilage

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23
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

has more elastic fibers than hyaline cartilage; more flexible; found in the framework of the outer ear

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24
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

has a matrix containing strong collagen fibers; found in structures that withstand tension and pressure, such as the pads between the vertebrae in the backbone and the wedges in the knee joint

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25
Q

Bone

A

of all connective tissues, this is the most rigid; consists of an extremely hard matrix of inorganic salts, notably calcium salts, deposited around protein fibers, especially collagen fibers

26
Q

Compact bone

A

makes up the shaft of a long bone; consists of cylindrical structural units called osteons (Haversian systems)

27
Q

Spongy bone

A

contains numerous bony bars and plates, separated by irregular spaces; lighter than compact bone; designed for strength; site of red bone marrow

28
Q

Blood

A

consists of formed elements and plasma; fluid connective tissue located in blood vessels

29
Q

Tissue fluid

A

internal environment of the body consists of blood and this; blood creates this; blood transports nutrients and oxygen to this and removes carbon dioxide and other wastes

30
Q

Red blood cells

A

small, disk-shaped cells without nuclei; makes the cell biconcave; contains hemoglobin

31
Q

White blood cells

A

large, have a nucleus; transparent; nucleus typically looks blue or purple; fight infection

32
Q

Pathogens

A

some white blood cells are phagocytic and engulf infectious these

33
Q

Platelets

A

not complete cells; fragments of large cells present only in bone marrow; when a blood vessel is damaged, these form a plug that seals the vessel, and injured tissues release molecules that help the clotting process

34
Q

Lymph

A

fluid connective tissue located in lymphatic vessels; absorb excess tissue fluid and return it to the cardiovascular system

35
Q

Lacteals

A

special lymphatic capillaries which absorb fat molecules from the small intestine

36
Q

Muscular (contractile tissue)

A

composed of cells called muscle fibers, which contain actin and myosin filaments, whose interaction accounts for movement and are also important in the generation of body heat

37
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

voluntary muscle; attached by tendons to the bones of the skeleton; when it contracts, body parts move; cylindrical, long

38
Q

Striated

A

having bands; in cardiac and skeletal muscle, alternating light and dark bands produced by the distribution of contractile proteins

39
Q

Smooth (visceral) muscle

A

cells lacking striations; spindle-shaped; involuntary

40
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

found only in the walls of the heart; contraction pumps blood and accounts for the heartbeat

41
Q

Nervous tissue

A

contains nerve cells called neurons and supporting cells called neuroglia

42
Q

Neuron

A

specialized cell with 3 parts - dendrites, a cell body, and an axon

43
Q

Nerves

A

fibers bound by connective tissue form these outside the brain and spinal cord

44
Q

Neuroglia

A

nervous tissue contains these cells in addition to neurons; outnumber neurons 10 to 1; make up approximately half the volume of the organ; primary function to support and nourish neurons; some directly contribute to brain function

45
Q

Organs

A

composed of 2 or more types of tissues working together to perform a particular function

46
Q

Organ system

A

contains many different organs that cooperate to carry out a general process, such as the digestion of food

47
Q

Body cavities

A

vertebrates have 2 main ___ _____; smaller dorsal & larger ventral

48
Q

Skin

A

2 main regions: epidermis and dermis

49
Q

Subcutaneous layer

A

AKA hypodermis; found between the skin and any underlying structures, such as muscle or bone

50
Q

Epidermis

A

made up of stratified squamous epithelium; can be thin or thick

51
Q

Melanocytes

A

specialized cells in the epidermis that produce melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color

52
Q

Dermis

A

region of dense fibrous connective tissue beneath the epidermis; contains collagen and elastic fibers

53
Q

Nails

A

protective covering of the distal part of the fingers and toes, collectively called digits; grow from special epithelial cells at the base of these in the portion called the ___ root

54
Q

Hair follicles

A

begin in the dermis and continue throughout the epidermis, where the hair shaft extends beyond the skin

55
Q

Oil glands

A

AKA sebaceous glands; secrete sebum, an oily substance that lubricates the hair within the follicle and the skin itself

56
Q

Sweat glands

A

present in all regions of skin; on average, a person’s skin has about 250,000 of these; tubules that begin in the dermis and either open into a hair follicle, or more often, opens onto the surface of the skin; play a role in modifying body temperature

57
Q

Homeostasis

A

ability of an organism to maintain a relatively constant internal environment

58
Q

Poikilothermic

A

cold-blooded; body temperature fluctuates depending on environmental temperature; saves energy but restricts the ability of the species to live in extremely cold or hot environments

59
Q

Homeothermic

A

warm-blooded; birds and mammals have mechanisms for regulating their body temperature toward an optimum; energetically expensive but provides the evolutionary advantage of being able to adapt to many different environments

60
Q

Negative feedback

A

primary homeostatic mechanism that keeps a variable, such as the blood glucose level, close to a particular value, or set point

61
Q

Positive feedback

A

mechanism that brings about a continually greater change in the same direction (ex. contractions in child birth)

Pre-Pharm (182 decks)

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