2.4

Question 1

Proto-oncogenes

Answer 1

Normal genes that become cancer causing oncogenes if mutated

Question 2

Point mutation

Answer 2

There is a single nucleotide base change due to an insertion deletion or submission

Question 3

Chromosomal Translocation

Answer 3

usual movement or rearrangement of a segment of chromosomal DNA.

Question 4

Gene Amplification

Answer 4

Unusual increase in the number of copies of a certain gene. Amplification leads to unwanted over expression of a gene

Question 5

Tumor suppressor genes

Answer 5

Slow down cell division
Repair DNA mistakes
Tell cells to die

Question 6

DNA repair genes

Answer 6

If flawed, this can result in damage to tumor suppressor or apoptotic genes, cancer can form

Question 7

Growth factor signaling pathways

Answer 7

CC can become unregulated through mutations in genes that control GFSP

Question 8

Apoptosis

Answer 8

Failure of CC to undergo apoptosis

Question 9

Cellular senescence

Answer 9

Cells stop dividing in response to DNA damage.

Question 10

Angiogenesis

Answer 10

The development of new blood vessels in CC

Question 11

Invasion and Metastasis

Answer 11

Remain viable as they detach, cross tissue boundaries, and colonize new tissue.

Question 12

Initiation

Answer 12

Exposure of cells to a carcinogenic agent that makes cells vulnerable to cancer transformation

Question 13

Promotion

Answer 13

allows for abundant growth of cells usually triggered by growth factors or chemicals

Question 14

Progression

Answer 14

Final step when cells become malignant

Question 15

Hereditary

Answer 15

50 types of cancers in families. 5-10% of cancers inherited

Question 16

Obesity

Answer 16

Associated with insulin resistance and increased production of pancreatic insulin both can have a carcinogenic effect.

Question 17

Homormones

Answer 17

Hormones play a role in promoting cell division of a malignant phenotype.