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EES 152 Bob Booth > 2.4. (9/4) Oceans, lakes, streams, & wetlands > Flashcards

2.4. (9/4) Oceans, lakes, streams, & wetlands Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

What is turnover time?

A

the time required for the entire volume of a reservoir to be renewed

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2
Q

what is the turnover time for the atmosphere?

A

9 days

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3
Q

What is the turnover time for rivers?

A

12 days

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4
Q

What is the turnover time for the ocean?

A

8,000 years

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5
Q

How much of the Earth’s surface is covered by water?

A

71%

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6
Q

How is the water divided amongst oceans, polar ice caps and glaciers, and freshwater?

A

97% in ocean
2% in polar ice caps and glaciers
1% in lakes, streams, and ground water

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7
Q

How do we classify aquatic systems?

A

with physical and chemical factors like flow, depth, and salinity

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8
Q

What are the reservoirs in the hydrologic cycle?

A
  • ocean is the largest
  • smallest in atmosphere (quickly regenerated)
  • large amount in ice
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9
Q

What is ocean diversity based on?

A

Depth, distance from continent, latitude

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10
Q

Where are most species found?

A

continental shelf, shallow water, near land, 8% of total ocean area

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11
Q

What is the intertidal zone?

A

inundation by tides, different species are found along tidal gradient
- defined by highest and lowest tide

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12
Q

What is the neritic zone?

A

beyond intertidal zone to continental zone
-productive

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13
Q

What is the oceanic zone?

A

everything else
- photic and aphotic zone

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14
Q

what is the photic zone?

A

where light penetrates
- depth of light penetration

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15
Q

What is the aphotic zone?

A

light does not reach this area

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16
Q

How do oceanic conditions vary?

A

temperature, depth, current, substrate, tides

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17
Q

What is another factor that decides how light travels?

A

particle concentrations

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18
Q

Why are there chemical differences at certain depths

A

temperature -> solubility of gasses
* decreased solubility as temperature rises

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19
Q

What are the abyssal and hadal zones?

A
  • deeper than 3000 m
  • bioluminescent creatures
  • scarce prey
  • high diversity
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20
Q

Why can we find the highest salinity in subtropics?

A

when evaporation exceeds precipitation
- melting of freshwater ice at higher latitudes
- landlocked dry areas like the Mediterranean

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21
Q

How does salinity vary in the open ocean?

A

34 ppt to 36.5 ppt

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22
Q

What are the most important organisms?

A

photosynthetic phytoplankton (1/4)

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23
Q

What occurs near undersea hot springs?

A

chemosynthesis

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24
Q

What are two prominent shallow-water ecosystems?

A

(coral) reefs and kelp beds
*productive and diverse

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25
Describe coral reefs
- thousands of species (only some build reefs) - reef building is important: provide habitat - eat zooplankton - gain their color from algae living in symbiosis with them
26
describe kelp forests
- similar to terrestrial forest - canopy reaches ocean surface - diverse
27
Where can we find coral reefs and kelp beds?
corals: everywhere coral reefs: warm, clear water (nutrient-poor) kelp: mid-latitudes, cooler water (<20*C), rocky shores
28
Describe the intertidal zone
- adapted to handle various water exposures - distribution and abundance affected by waves and tides - air and salinity tolerances
29
What is zonation?
different organisms found along tidal gradient
30
What are estuaries?
where saltwater meets freshwater - brackish water - tidal salt marshes - an influx of nutrients - highly productive
31
Why is there vertical variability in estuaries?
in salinity - salt water is more dense
32
How much of the world's freshwater in located in the Great Lakes?
20%
33
How are lakes structured?
littoral, limnetic, profundal, benthic
34
What is the littoral zone?
- edge - shallow zone with rooted vegetation - defined by where the plants stop
35
What is the limnetic zone?
- open water in middle
36
What is the profundal zone?
no light
37
What is the benthic zone?
- along the bottom - habitat for burrowing animals and microorganisms - interface between water and sediment
38
In what ways are lakes classified?
- nutrients in water (N, P) - number of times lake mixing/ turnover takes place - stratification
39
What is an oligotrophic lake?
- nutrient-poor (N, P) - cooler, higher oxygen levels
40
What is a eutrophic lake?
- productive - algae and other vegetation - more nutrients fueling photosynthesis - high decomposition rate - low oxygen
41
What is lake turnover?
- mixing - deep lake - once in a while - surface waters can go to the bottom - only during certain times of the year
42
Why is lake turnover important?
- nutrients released from sediments - changing chemistry (oxygen releases things/stimulates decomposition)
43
What is a monomictic lake?
mix once a year (cold/warm)
44
What is a dimictic lake?
twice per year
45
What is a polymictic lake?
multiple times per year
46
What is a meromictic lake?
does not mix
47
Why do annual laminations occur?
- diatoms bloom in the spring (light in color, silica) - Summer productivity organics
48
Why don't meromictic lakes mix?
- saline at depth, fresh on top (density -> permanent) - not enough wind energy (small, deep lakes)
49
What defines a wetland?
- **hydrology**: presence of water at or near the surface for some time, standing water - vegetation: **hydrophytic**, saturation - soil: organic-rich, redoximorphic features, **hydric**
50
What does hydrophytic mean?
adapted to wet conditions (chemical, physical)
51
What are redoximorphic features?
characteristics that emerge because of a change in reduction (wet)/oxidation (dry) reaction states
52
Describe a marsh
- not forested (woody vegetation minor) - floating aquatics - mineral-enriched soils (some inorganic) - herbs - shallow - tide/no tide - along ocean - salt marshes
53
Describe a swamp
- trees and shrubs - minerals in soil (organics and inorganics) - strong seasonal water fluctuations - non-peaty - along ocean
54
Describe salt marshes/swamps
- mid-latitudes - behind barrier islands - eastern north America is dominated by salt-tolerant grass - highly productive - zonation (inundation) caused by tides (in mangroves too)
55
where can you find mangrove swamps?
lower latitudes/ tropics
56
Describe peatlands (mires)
- very deep organic soils - freshwater - plant production exceeds decomposition (accumulation of peat) - fens or bogs (where nutrients come from) - best preservative
57
Describe a fen
- groundwater - surface flows - precipitation - abundance of nutrients - neutral to basic - sedges, brown mosses, vascular plants
58
Describe a bog
- big dome of peat - the only way to get nutrients into roots is through precipitation (rain does not have a lot so nutrient-poor) - sphagnum moss dominated - low pH
59
Where do wetlands occur?
- everywhere - maybe Antarctica (coastal) - ~6 million km^2 (5-8% of land surface) - interaction between climate and topography/geomorphology that allow water to remain near the surface for periods - require water (precipitation, aquifer, large body of water) *precipitation exceeds evaporation (positive water balance) - higher latitudes
60
What are some characteristics of wetland plants?
- lack of oxygen in the soil and its consequences - limited nutrients - water-level fluctuations - aerenchyma (in leaves too) - adventitious roots - shallow roots - pneumatophores - carnivory (in nutrient-lacking environments)
61
what is aerenchyma?
- pore space in tissue - hollow areas - gas diffusion: gas to roots - expand and contract
62
what are adventitious roots?
- response to flooding - gets roots close to the atmosphere for gas diffusion
63
What pneumatophores for?
- special roots that grow pointing up - knees - exchange gas - found in mangroves, bald cypress
64
Describe the Utricularia
- carnivory in roots - roots covered with bladders that have hairs - trapdoor with vacuum

EES 152 Bob Booth (13 decks)

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