6.10. (9/30) Reproductive Strategies and Social Relations

Question 1

How do we define females in ecology?

Answer 1

they produce larger, energetically costly gametes

Question 2

How do we define males in ecology?

Answer 2

they produce smaller, less costly, gametes

Question 3

What are hermaphrodites?

Answer 3

combined male and female function in the same individual

Question 4

what conditions favor hermaphrodism?

Answer 4

1. low mobility: limits competition
2. not using the same resources/ doing things at different times
3. sharing costs for male and female function (common)

Question 5

monoecious plants

Answer 5

when the plant has separate male and female flowers on its being

Question 6

dioecious plants

Answer 6

the plant has one sex

Question 7

sequential hermaphroditism

Answer 7

Can switch sex if need be
ex. clownfish

Question 8

simultaneous hermaphroditism

Answer 8

• both sexes & both gametes
• at sexual maturity
  ex snail, plants

Question 9

what determines the sex of reptilian offspring?

Answer 9

temperature

Question 10

How does polygynous breeding work?

Answer 10

one male with many females

Question 11

How does polyandrous breeding work

Answer 11

one female with many males

Question 12

promiscuous breeding

Answer 12

breeding with different individuals

Question 13

monogamous breeding

Answer 13

breeding with one individual for a short period of time or lifetime

Question 14

fecundity

Answer 14

how fast an individual can produce offspring

Question 15

what does a female’s reproductive success depend on?

Answer 15

ability to make eggs

Question 16

what does a male’s reproductive success depend on?

Answer 16

the number of eggs he can fertilize

Question 17

what determines a female’s fecundity? what about a male’s

Answer 17

• her ability to gather resources
• his ability to mate with many females

Question 18

sexual selection

Answer 18

when there are differences in reproductive rates because of mating success differences

Question 19

sexual dimorphism

Answer 19

males and females look different

Question 20

intrasexual selection

Answer 20

individuals of one sex compete among themselves for mates

Question 21

intersexual selection

Answer 21

members of one sex consistently choose mates on the basis of a particular trait(s)

Question 22

why does sexual selection act upon the male species?

Answer 22

energetic cost

Question 23

intersexual selection: good health hypothesis

Answer 23

when the female is looking for a suit of traits that are related to a male’s health

Question 24

intersexual selection: good genes hypothesis

Answer 24

stalked-eyed flies choose wide-eyes because the narrow eye is linked to a sperm defect

Question 25

runaway sexual selection

Answer 25

females drive further elaboration of male traits

Question 26

what might counterbalance runaway sexual selection?

Answer 26

natural selection

Question 27

handicap hypothesis/principle

Answer 27

extravagant appearances occur because it shows an individual has high fitness and are good at obtaining energy from the environment to look pretty *successful despite handicap is healthy *probably incorrect

Question 28

what is important to remember about evolutionary theory, reproductive success, and duration of life

Answer 28

reproductive success is more important than how long a species lives

Question 29

sexual selection in guppies

Answer 29

- high predation = less pretty -

Question 30

o morph

Question 31

b morph

Question 32

y morph

Question 33

rock-paper-scissor scenerio

Question 34

why are pipefish the exception?

Answer 34

reversed roles - colorful female - female deposits gametes to male - female competes for mates

Question 35

social animals

Answer 35

- found in groups - some fish for protection - sophisticated

Question 36

what are the advantages of group living?

Answer 36

- less time looking for predators - less time eating food

Question 37

what are the disadvantages of group living?

Answer 37

- spend more time looking for food

Question 38

what is sentinel behavior?

Question 39

what is altruistic behavior?

Question 40

cooperative breeding: inclusive fitness and kin selection

Answer 40

- individual overall fitness not just a function of offspring directly produced

Question 41

cooperative breeding:

Question 42

what is hamilton's rule?

Question 43

what is cooperative breeding?

Question 44

which species engage in cooperative breeding?

Answer 44

sub-saharan africa woodhoopoes

Question 45

why do woodhoopoes breed cooperatively?

Answer 45

1. increase inclusive fitness: raise and protect close relatives 2.

Question 46

How could cooperative breeding evolve?