Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Old Classes > Chapter 8- Reproduction > Flashcards

Chapter 8- Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Cell division

A

The process by which a cell doubles its organelles and cytoplasm, replicates its DNA, and then divides in two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cell division in unicellular vs multicellular organisms

A

Unicellular: means of reproduction
Multicellular: a method of growth, development, and replacement of worn-out cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Mitosis

A

Division and distribution of cell’s DNA to its two daughter cells such that each cell receives a complete copy of the original genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Karyokinesis is _______ and is followed by _______, which is __________

A

Nuclear division, cytokinesis, cytoplasmic division.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Interphase

A

Where 90% of a cells’s life is spent.
Period where each chromosome is replicated.
Sister chromatids formed as a result of replication and held together at a central region called the centromere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

True or false: During interphase, the individual chromosomes are not visible.

A

True– the DNA is uncoiled and called a chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many parts in interphase of euk. cells and what are they?

A

4

G1, S, G2, M

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens during G1 phase?

A

It initiates interphase. Active growth phase.

Cell increases in size and synthesizes proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The length of the G1 phase determines:

A

the length of the entire cell cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens during the S phase?

A

S phase is the period of DNA synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens during the G2 phase?

A

The cell prepares to divide. It grows and synthesizes proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens during the M phase?

A

Mitosis-Cell division occurs

Results in two identical daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 6 phases of mitosis?

A 
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes condense, centrioles move towards opposite poles of the cell. Spindle apparatus forms between them, allowing spindle fibers to interact with chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What phase does the nuclear membrane first disappear?

A

Prophase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Metaphase

A

Centrioles in opposite sides.Spindle apparatus fibers attach to each chromatid at centomere– sister chromatid line up in middle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Anaphase

A

Shortening of spindle fibers. Centromeres and sister chromatids separate towards opposite sides of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Telophase

A

Spindle apparatus disappears. Nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes. Chromosomes uncoil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytroplasm divides– cleavage furrow formed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

2 major different between cell division in animal cells and plant cells

A
  1. Plant cells lack centrioles– spindle apparatus synthesized by microtubule organizing centers that are not visible.
  2. Different type of cytokinesis- no cleavage furrow– they form a cell plate.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a cell plate?

A

In plants– an expanding partition that grows outward from the interior of the cell until it reaches the cell membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Basic difference between meiosis and mitosis:

A

Two parents involved in meiosis instead of just one in mitosis. Mitosis preserves the diploid # of the cell whereas meiosis produces haploid #– halving the # of chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Meiosis

A

Process by which sex cells are produced. Divisions of two primary sex cells resulting in four haploid cells called gametes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Interphase– Meiosis

A

Parent cell’s chromosomes are replicated– reslting in the 2N number of sister chromatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Prophase 1- meiosis

A
  • Chromatin condenses to chromatins, spindle apparatus forms, and the nucleoli and nuclear membrane disappear.
  • Synapsis/ crossing over takes place.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Tetrad

A

Synaptic pair of homologous chromosomes– contains 4 chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

True or false: sister chromatids are identical after crossing over takes place

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Homologous pairs (tetrads) line at the equatorial plane and each pair attaches to a separate spindle fiber by its kinetochore.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Anaphase 1

A

Homologous pairs separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell (disjunction).
Either maternal or paternal chromosome can end up in daughter cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Telophase 1

A

A nuclear membrane forms around each new nucleus. At this point, each chromosome still consists of sister chromatids joined at the centromere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Is meiosis 2 preceded by chromosomal replication?

A

No.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What happens during the second meiotic division?

A

The chromosomes align at the equator, separate, and move to opposite poles and are surrounded by a reformed nuclear membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Asexual reproduction is..

A

the production o offspring without fertilization. New organisms are formed by division of a single parent cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What organisms reproduce asexually?

A

Prokaryotes. Among animals, more prevalent in invertebrates than vertebrates. All plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the 4 types of asexual reproduction?

A
  • Fission
  • Budding
  • Regeneration
  • Parthenogenesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Fission

A

Seen in proks

DNA replicates and a new plasma membrane and cell wall grow inward along midline of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Budding

A

Replication of nucleus followed by unequal cytokinesis. The cell membrane pinches inward to form a new cell that is smaller in size but genetically identical to parent. This “bud” eventually grows into an adult.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Fission occurs in…?

A

Single-celled organisms such as amoeba, paramecia, algae, and bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Budding occurs in?

A

Hydra and Yeast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Regeneration

A

Regrowth of a lost or injured body part by mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Regeneration occurs in

A

Hydra, starfish, salamanders, tadpoles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Development of an unfertilized egg into an adult organism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Parthenogenesis occurs in:

A

Most species of bees and ants (MALES)

Working bees and females are produced sexually.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Alternation of generation

A

In plants– a diploid number is followed by a haploid generation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Circle of alternation of generation–

A

A diploid sporophyte produces haploid spores, which develop into haploid gametophytes, which produce a haploid gamete. The two haploid gametes sexually produce the sporophyte generation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Spores

A

Specialized cells with hard coverings that prevent the loss of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Meristems

A

Undifferentiated tissues in plants. Provide a source of cells that can develop into an adult plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Natural Vegetative propagation types

A

Bulbs
Tubers
Runners
Rhizomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Bulbs

A

Split to form several bulbs. This occurs in tulips and daffodils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Tubers

A

Underground stems with buds- like eyes of potatoes, that can develop into adult plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Runners

A

Stems running above ground- can produce new roots and upright stems- strawberry and lawn grass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Rizomes

A

Also called stolons. Woody underground stems. They can develop new upright stems as they do in ferns and iris plants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Types of artificial vegetative propagation

A

Cut
Layering
Stem of one plant attached to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

A cut piece of stem can develop…

A

new rots in water or moist ground

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Auxins

A

Synthetic plant hormones that can be used to accelerate root formation

56
Q

Layering

A

Bend stems of certain plants to the ground and cover in soil– will take root

57
Q

3 artificial vegetation

A

The stem of one plant (scion) can be attached to the rooted stem of another closely related plant (stock)– The cambium of both stems must be in contact

58
Q

Gonads

A

Organs where gametes are produced.

59
Q

Male gonads are..

A

testes- produce sperm in the rightly coiled seminiferous tubules

60
Q

Female gonads are..

A

Ovaries– produce oocytes

61
Q

Hermaphrodites

A

Have both functional male and female gonads– include the hydra and earthworm

62
Q

Spermatogenesis occurs in the..

A

Sperm production- occurs in the seminiferous tubules. Di

63
Q

Spermatagonia

A

Diploid cells go through meiosis to produce 4 haploid cells

64
Q

Parts of a sperm..?

A

Head- consists of nucleus
Tail- flagella- propels sperm
Mitochondria- in neck and body- provide energy

65
Q

Oogenesis

A

Production of female gametes

66
Q

Each meiotic division in oocyte produces

A

A single mature egg and a polar body- which degenerates

67
Q

Fertilization

A

Union of the egg and sperm nuclei to form a zygote with a diploid number of chromosomes

68
Q

External fertilization occurs in

A

vertrebrates that reproduce in water

69
Q

What is external fertilization

A

Female lays eggs and male deposits sperm in close vicinity– swim through water to eggs

70
Q

What is internal fertilization?

A

Practiced by terrestrial vertrebrates and provides a direct route for sperm to each the egg

71
Q

Testes are located in a pouch called the

A

scrotum

72
Q

Sperm travels through the

A

SEVENUP

73
Q

The testes are a side of production of

A

testosterone

74
Q

Testosterone

A

Regulates secondary male characteristics including facial, pubic hair and voice changes

75
Q

Steps of spermatogenesis

A

Spermatogonia–> mitosis which produce primary spermatocytes—> meiosis 1 which prouduce secondary spermatocytes—> meiosis 2 which produce 4 haploid spermatids

76
Q

acrosome

A

A caplike structure derived from the golgi apparatus– contains enzymes to penetrate egg.

77
Q

Where are the ovaries found?

A

In the abdominal cavity, below the digestive system

78
Q

Follicle

A

Multilayered sac of cells that contained, nourishes and protects all immature ovum. Produce estrogen.

79
Q

What happens once a month in women?

A

An immature ovum is released and drawn into the oviduct (tube)

80
Q

The site of fetal developement

A

uterus

81
Q

Cervix

A

connects with vaginal canal, site of sperm deposition

82
Q

steps of oogenesis

A
  • At birth, all of the immature ova, known as primary oocytes that a female will produce in her lifetime are already in her ovaries
  • Are diploid cells
  • After menarche, one primary oocyte per month completes meiosis I, yielding two daughter cells of enequal size
  • secondary oocyte is expelled from follicle during ovulation– MII does not occur until fertilization
83
Q

Two layers of cells that surround the oocyte cell membrane

A
  1. Zona Pellucida- inner

2. Corona radiata- outer

84
Q

Meiosis II is triggered in oocytes when

A

The inner and outer layer (ZP and CR) are penetrated by the sperm.

85
Q

What does meiosis 2 of oocyte result in?

A

A mature ovum and a polar body

86
Q

The secretion of both estrogen and progesterone regulated is regulated by

A

LH and FSH, which inturn are regulated by GnRH

87
Q

Estrogens

A

Steroid hormones necessary for normal female maturation
stimulate development of female reproductive tract and contribute to the development of secondary sex characteristics and sex drive

88
Q

What is responsible for the thickening of the endometrium (uterine) wall?

A

Estrogens

89
Q

Progesterone

A

Steroid hormone secreted by corpus luteum during the luteal phase of menstrual cycle.
Stimulates the development and maintenance of the endometrial walls in prep for implantation

90
Q

What are the 4 phases of the menstrual cycle?

A
  1. follicular phase
  2. ovulation
  3. luteal phase
  4. menstruation
91
Q

Follicular phase

A

Begins with the cessation of menstrual flow

FSH promotes developement of follicle which grows and begins secreting estrogen

92
Q

Ovulation

A

Midway through the cycle
Mature ovarian follicle bursts and releases an ovum
caused by surge in LH– following high estogen levels

93
Q

Luteal phase

A

after ovulation
LH surge causes ruptures follicle to develop into corpus luteum- which secretes estrogen and progesterone
Progesterone- causes glands of endometrium to mature and produce secretions that prepare it for implantation of an embryo

94
Q

Progesterone and estrogen are necessary to maintain

A

the endometrium

95
Q

Menstruation

A

If ovum is not fertilized, corpus luteum atrophies– endometrium sloughs off

96
Q

What happens if fertilization does occur?

A

Developing placenta produces hCG, maintaining the corpus luteum an supplies estrogen and progesterone to maintain uterus until placenta takes .

97
Q

The acrosome is responsible for penetrating

A

THE INNER LAYER– zona pellucida

98
Q

Acrosomal process

A

Once in contact with the inner layer, the sperm form a tubelike structure called this, which extends to the cell membrane and penetrates it, fusing the sperm cell membrane with that of the ovum.

99
Q

When does the ovum complete meiosis II?

A

When the sperm nucleus enters the ovum’s cytoplasm

100
Q

Cortical reaction in the ovum

A

Caused by the acrosomal reaction– calcium ions released into the cytoplasm– results in the formation of the fertilization membrane.

101
Q

Fertilization membrane

A

Hard layer that surrounds the ovum cell membrane and prevents multiple fertilizations

102
Q

Another function of the release of Ca 2+

A

stimulates metabolic changes within the ovum, and greatly increases metabolic rate

103
Q

Fusion of the sperm nucleus with the ovum nucleus forms a

A

Diploid zygote– first mitotic division of the zygote soon follows

104
Q

Monozygotic twins form from

A

a single zygote splitting into two embryos

105
Q

If single zygote slpits at the two-cell stage then:

A

embryos will have separate chorions and placentas

106
Q

If single zygote splits at the blastula stage then:

A

embryos will have only one chorionic sac and will therefor share a placenta

107
Q

Dizygotic twins

A
  • Dizygotic twins result when two ova are released in one ovarian cycle and are fertilized by two different sperm.
  • Two embryos implant in the iterine wall indv
108
Q

Gametophyte generation

A

haploid gametophyte generation produces gametes by mitosis- union of male and female gametes at fertilization restores the diploid sporophyte generation.

109
Q

The gametophyte reproduce

A

sexually

110
Q

sporophytes reproduce..

A

asexually

111
Q

Mosses- Dominant generation

A

Gametophyte is the dominant generation

112
Q

The sporopyte in moss is

A

a smaller, short lived generation that depends on the gametophyte for energy and nutrients

113
Q

ferns

A

sporophyte generation is dominant and familiar form.

Sporophyte releases sports that develop into gametophytes

114
Q

Angiosperms

A

Flowing plants- have gametophytes consisting of a few cells that exist for very short time

115
Q

woody plants (maple, rose, etc) is the _____ stage

A

sporophyte

116
Q

Flower

A

reproductive structure of angiosperm

117
Q

Stamens

A

Male organ of the flower-consists of a thin, stalk-like filament with terminal sac called the anther

118
Q

Anther

A

Produces monoploid spores that develop into pollen grains

119
Q

Three parts of a stamen

A

Pollen grains
anther
filament

120
Q

4 parts of a pistil

A

stigma
style
ovary
ovules

121
Q

Embryos are formed when

A

the zygote divides mitotically to form cells of the mass of cells (embryo)

122
Q

What are the 5 parts of a plant embryo

A 
epicotyl
cotyledons
hypocotyl
endosperm
seed coat
123
Q

epicotyl

A

precursor of the upper stem and leaves

124
Q

hypocotyl

A

develops into the lower stem and root

125
Q

endosperm

A

grows and feeds the embryo. In dicots, the cotyledon absorbs the endosperm

126
Q

Seed coat

A

Develops from the other covering of the ovule. The embryo and seed coat comprise the seed.

127
Q

cotyledons

A

Seed leaves
dicots-2 seed leaves
monocots- 1

128
Q

Most seeds develop in the

A

fruit

129
Q

Where is the fruit formed?

A

the ovary walls, the base of the flower and other consolidated flower pistil components

130
Q

The fruit enables the seed….

A

to be carried more frequently or effectively by air, water, or animals.

131
Q

The seed is released from the

A

ovary and will germinate under proper conditions of temperature, moisture, oxygen

132
Q

Growth in higher plants is restricted to

A

the embryonic (undifferentiated) cells called meristem cells

133
Q

Apical meristems

A

found in the tips of roots and stems. Growth in length occurs only at these points

134
Q

lateral meristem

A

Also called cambium- located between xylem and phloem. Permits growth in diameter and can differentiate into new xylem and phloem cells.

135
Q

Lateral meristems are predominant in

A

woody dicots like oaks

136
Q

Lateral meristems are not active tissue in

A

monocots (grass) and herbaceous dicots (alfalfa)

Old Classes (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions