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Old Classes > Chapter 14- Respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 14- Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration

A

The intake of oxygen from the environment, transport of oxygen in the blood and the ultimate oxidation of fuel molecules in the cell.

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2
Q

External respiration

A

Entrance of air into the lungs and the gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood.

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3
Q

Internal respiration

A

the exchange of gas between the blood and the cells and the intracellular processes of respiration.

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4
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Converts the energy of sun into chemical energy of bonds in compounds such as glucose

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5
Q

respiration involves the conversion of:

A

chemical energy in bonds into the usable energy needed to drive the processes of living cells.

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6
Q

Favored fuel moelcules

A

Carbohydrates and fats

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7
Q

How is bond energy made available?

A

When hydrogen is removed from carbohydrates and fats– organic molecules

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8
Q

C-H bond

A

very energy rich, capable of releasing the largest amount of energy per mole

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9
Q

Energy in CO2

A

very little. Stable, energy-exhausted end product of respiration

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10
Q

Dehydrogenation

A

An oxidation reaction

High-energy hydrogen atoms are removed from organic molecules.

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11
Q

Reduction component of the redox reaction:

A

Acceptance of hydrogen by a hydrogen acceptor (oxygen in the final step)

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12
Q

Energy released by reduction is used to form:

A

A high-energy phosphate bond in ATP

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13
Q

Electron transport chain

A

steps of reduction

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14
Q

Two stages of degradative oxidation of glucose

A

Glycolysis

Cellular respiration

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15
Q

Glycolysis can go into:

A
  1. Aerobic respiration
    Decarboxylation of pyruvate
    Krebs cycle
    Electron Transport chain
  2. Anaerobic
    Fermentation
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16
Q

Glycolysis

A

Series of reactions that lead to the oxidative breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyrubate, production of ATP and the reduction of NAD+ into NADH

all occur in cytoplasm

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17
Q

Steps of glycolysis

A

Draw out!

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18
Q

Net reaction of glycolysis

A

Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD+ ——> 2Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H2O

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19
Q

In glycolysis one molecules of glucose makes:

A

2 pyruvates

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20
Q

Two ATP are used but

A

4 ATPS are generated. Net ATPs= 2

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21
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A

ATP synthesis directly coupled with degradation of glucose without the participation of an intermediate molecule such as NAD+

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22
Q

How many NADH per glucose?

A

2

(1 per Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) hence 2.

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23
Q

In the absence of O2, what must happen for glycolysis to happen?

A

NAD+ must be regenerated

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24
Q

How is the regeneration of NAD+ accomplished?

A

By reducing pyruvate to either ethanol or lactic acid

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25
Q

What does fermentation refer to?

A

All of the reactions involved in production of lactic acid or alcohol

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26
Q

Fermentation produces X ATP per glucose molecule?

A

Only 2

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27
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

Occurs only in yeast and some bacteria. The pyruvate produced in glycolysis is converted to ethanol and NAD+ is regenerated and glycolysis can continue

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28
Q

Lactic acid fermentation occurs in

A

Occurs in certain fungi and bacteria and in human muscle cells during strenuous activity.

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29
Q

When is pyruvate reduced to lactic acid

A

When the oxygen supply to muscle cells lags behind the rate of glucose catabolism. NAD+ used in step 5 of glycolysis is regenerated when pyruvate is reduced

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30
Q

What is the most efficient catabolic pathway used by organisms to harvest energy stored in glucose?

A

Cellular respiration

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31
Q

How many ATPS does cellular respiration yield?

A

36-38 ATP

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32
Q

Cellular respiration is anaerobic process because?

A

O2 acts as the final electron acceptor

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33
Q

Where does the metabolic reactions of eukaryotic cells take place?

A

in the mitochondria

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34
Q

Pyruvate decarboxylation

A

pyruvate formed during glycolysis is transported from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix where it is decarboxylated and the acetyl group that remains is transferred to coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA. In the process NAD+ is reduced to NADH.

35
Q

KREBS cycle begins when

A

THe two carbon acetyl group from acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate, a four carbon molecule to form citrate (6c)

36
Q

What is the end product of KREBS?

A

2 CO2 are released anHow many d oxaloacetate is regenerated for use in another turn of the cycle

37
Q

End products of krebs (2 pyruvates!)

A

6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP

38
Q

Net reaction of krebs cycle PER glucose molecule (2 pyruvates)

A

2 acetyl CoA + 6 NAD+ + 2FAD + 2GDP + 2Pi + 4H2O—-> 4CO2 + 6NADH + 2FADH2+ 2GTP + 4H+ + 2CoA

39
Q

Electron transport chain is:

A

a compex carrier mechanism located on the inside of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

40
Q

What happens during oxidative phosphorylation?

A

ATP is produced when high-energy potential electrons are transferred from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen by series of carrier molecules.

41
Q

What happens are electrons are transferred from carrier to carrier?

A

Free energy is released, which is used to form ATP

42
Q

Cytochromes

A

How most of the molecules of the ETC

electron carriers that resemble hemoglobin in the structure of their active site

43
Q

Cytochromes contain:

A

A central iron atom which is capable of undergoing a reversible redox reaction

44
Q

Redox reaction of ETC:

A

Electrons that are transferred from one carrier to the next, each carrier is reduced as it accepts an electron and oxidized as it passes it on to the next carrier.

45
Q

Final acceptor

A

O2

46
Q

What else does O2 pick up ?

A

A pair of H ions from the surrounding medium, forming water

47
Q

Citric acid cycle forms:

A 
18 ATP (oxidative)
4 ATP (oxidative)
2 ATP (substrate)
total =36 ATP
48
Q

Carbohydrates are hydrolyzed into:

A

monosaccharides, most of which are converted into glucose or glycolytic intermediates

49
Q

Where are how are fat molecules stored?

A

Stored in adipose tissue as triglycerides

50
Q

How are triglycerides hydrolyzed?

A

By lipase to fatty acids and glycerol

51
Q

True or false: glycerol can be converted to PGAL

A

TRUE

52
Q

How is glycerol converted into PGAL?

A

A fatty acid is activated in cytoplasm (need 2 ATP)
Fatty acid is transported into the mitochondrion and taken through a series of beta oxidation cycles that convertit into two-carbon fragments
which are then converted into acetyl COA
which enter krebs cycle

53
Q

Which each round of B-oxidation of a saturated fatty acid, what is generated?

A

1 NADH and 1 FADH2

54
Q

Transamination reaction

A

Proteins lose an amino group to form an alpha-leto acid

55
Q

When does the body degrade proteins?

A

When there is not enough carbs or fat available

56
Q

The carbon atoms of most amino acids are converted into:

A

acetyl CoA, pyruvate, or one of the intermediates of the citric acid cycle.

57
Q

Oxidative deamination

A

Removes ammonia molecule directily from the amino acid.

58
Q

Ammonia

A

toxic substance in vertebrates

59
Q

Respiration in Cnidaria (Protozoa and Hydra)

A

Every cell is in contact with the external environment (water_ and resp. gases can be exchanged between the cell and the environment by simple diffusion through the cell membrane

60
Q

Respiration in annelids

A

Mucus secreted by cells on the external surface of the earthworm’s body provides a moist surface for gaseous exchange by diffusion. The circulatory system brings O2 to the cells and waste products such as CO2 back to skin for excretion.

61
Q

Anthropod respiration (grasshopper)

A

consists of a series of respiratory tubules called trachae whose branches reach almost every cell

Tubes open to the surface in openings called spiracles

no carrier of oxygen is needed in this respiratory system.

62
Q

Air enters human lungs through:

A

Most, pharynx (throat), larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and the alveoli.

63
Q

Alveoli

A

Where gas exchange between the lungs and circulatory system occurs across– has very thin walls.

air-filled sacs at the terminals of the airway branches

64
Q

What is the primary functions of the respiratory system in humans?

A

Provide the necessary energy for growth, maintenance of homeostasis, defense mechanisms, repair and reproduction of cells in the body.

Also provides a large area for gas exchange as well as moves oxygenated air over this area to protect it

65
Q

Inhalation

A

The diaphragm contracts and flattens and the external intercostal muscles contract, pushing the rib cage and chest wall up and out. Causes the thoracic cavity to increase in volume- reduces pressure and causes lungs to expand and fill with air.

66
Q

What innervates the diaphragm?

A

The phrenic nerve

67
Q

Exhalation

A

Passive process. Lungs and chest wall are highly elastic and tend to recoil after inhalation.

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax, and the chest wall pushes inward. The consequent decrease in the thoracic cavity volume causes the air pressure to increase. Lungs deflate and air is forced out the alveoli.

68
Q

Ventilation is regulated by

A

Neurons in the medulla.

69
Q

Rhythmic discharges of neurons stimulates:

A

The intercostal muscles or the diaphragm to contract.

70
Q

What happens when the partial pressure of CO2 rises?

A

The medulla stimulates an increase in the rate of ventilation

71
Q

What is the primary goal of ventilation?

A

To maintain proper concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ions in tissues

72
Q

What are primary stimulus for respiration?

A

Excessive co2 and hydrogen ions

73
Q

Do oxygen blood levels have a significant effect on the respiratory center?

A

NO

74
Q

What are oxygen blood levels monitored by?

A

The peripheral chemoreceptors, which indirectly stimulate respiratory center

75
Q

Pulmonary capillaries

A

A dense network of minute blood vessels that surrounds the alveoli.

Gas exchange occurs by diffusion across these capillary walls and those of the alveoli

76
Q

Gas moves from region of:

A

higher partial pressure to regions of lower partial pressure

77
Q

Oxygen diffuses from the alveolar air into the :

A

blood

78
Q

Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the:

A

lungs to be exhaled

79
Q

Photosynthesis only occurs during:

A

the day

80
Q

Photosynthesis produce ____ and gives of _____

A

glucose, oxygen

81
Q

Respiration requires ______ to degrade _____

A

oxygen. glucose

82
Q

Where to the gases diffuse into air space in plants through?

A

The stomatas of the leaf or the lenticels (openings) of woody stems.

83
Q

What kind of plants use anaerobic respiration?

A

takes place in simple plants when molecular oxygen is lacking in a manner similar to that of animals.

Old Classes (15 decks)

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