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Chapter 18- excretion Flashcards

1
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of metabolic wastes produced in the body

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2
Q

Elimination

A

The removal of indigestible material

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3
Q

Aerobic respiration leads to the production of:

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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4
Q

Demination of amino acids in the liver leads to the production of

A

Nitrogenous wastes such as urea and ammonia

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5
Q

All metabolic processes lead to the production of:

A

mineral salts, which must be excreted by the kidneys

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6
Q

Excretion of protozoans and cnidarians

A

All cells are in contact with the external, aqueous environment- water soluble wastes such as ammonia and carbon dioxide can exit the cells through diffusion

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7
Q

Paramecium contain what kind of a vacuole?

A

Contractive vacuole– an organelle specialized for water excretion by active transport

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8
Q

Excretion in annelids

A

Carbon dioxide excretion occurs directly though moist skin

2 pairs of nephridia in each body segment excrete water, mineral salts, and nitrogenous wastes in the form of urea.

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9
Q

Excretion in arthropods

A

Carbon dioxide is released from the tissues into adjacent tubelike tracheae, which are continuous with the external air through opening called spiracles

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10
Q

Uric acid

A

In athropods, nitrogenous wastes are excreted in the form of solid uric acid crystals- helps conserve water

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11
Q

Malpighian tubules

A

mineral salls and uric acid accumulate here and are then transported to the intestine to be expelled with the solid wastes of digestion

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12
Q

Principal organs of excretion in humans

A

lungs, liver, skin and kidneys

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13
Q

Lungs and excretion

A

Carbon dioxide and water vapor diffuse from the blood and are continually exhaled.

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14
Q

Sweat glands and skin excretion

A

Excrete water and dissolved salts

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15
Q

Perspiration serves to:

A

Regulate body temperature, since the evaporation of sweat produces cooling

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16
Q

Liver and excretion

A

Processes nitrogenous wastes, hemoglobin, and other chemicals for excretion

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17
Q

How is urea produced and excreted?

A

Produced by the deamination of amino acids in the liver and diffuses into the blood for ultimate excretion in the kidneys

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18
Q

Bile salts are excreted as:

A

Bile and pass out with the feces

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19
Q

What does the kidney function to maintain?

A

Maintains osmolarity of the blood; excrete numerous waste products and toxic chemicals; and conserve glucose, salt and water.

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20
Q

How do kidneys regulate the concentration of salt and water in the blood?

A

Through the formation of urine.

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21
Q

Nephrons

A

Units of kidney- a kidney is composed of about a million nephrons.

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22
Q

Three regions of a kidney

A

Outer cortex, inner medulla, and the renal pelvis.

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23
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

A bulb- nephron consists of a Bowman’s capsule

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24
Q

Bowman’s capsule embraces:

A

A special capillary called a glomerulus

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25
Q

What does the Bowman’s capsule lead to?

A

A long, coiled tubule that is divided into functionally distinct unit: proximal convuluted tubule, loop of henle, and distal convulutaed tubule and the collecting duct.

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26
Q

Organization of nephron

A

Loop of Henle runs through the medulla while the convoluted tubules and Bowman’s capsure are in the cortex

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27
Q

Ureter

A

Where concentrated urine end up from the collecting tubules flows into the pelvis of the kidney.

28
Q

The ureters fro the kidneys empty into the:

A

Urinary bladder

29
Q

Most of the nephron is surrounded by:

A

A complex peritubular capillary network to facilitate reabsorption of amino acids, glucose, salts, and water.

30
Q

Three processes that lead to urine formation

A

Filtration, secretion, and reabsorption

31
Q

What kind of a process is filtration?

A

Passive process driven by the hydrostatic pressure in the blood

32
Q

FIltrate

A

Blood pressure forces 20% of the blood plasma entering the glomerulus through the capillary walls and into the Bowman’s capsule. This fluid and small solutes entering the nephron is called the filtrate.

33
Q

Filtrate is _____ in relation to the blood

A

isotonic

34
Q

What happens to particles too large to filter through the glomerulus?

A

Remain in the circulatory system.

Example: blood cells and albumins

35
Q

Secretion

A

Nephron secretes substances such as acids, bases, and ions like potassium and phosphate from the interstitial fluid into the filtrate by both passive and active transport.

36
Q

Materials are secreted from the peritubular capillaries into the:

A

Nephron tubule

37
Q

Body fluid pH

A

Remains at 7.4

38
Q

How is body fluid consistency attained?

A

by the removal of carbon dioxide through lungs or hydrogen ions through the kidneys.

39
Q

How is assessment of pH measured?

A

Arterial pressure
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2)
Plasma bicarbonate (HCO3)

40
Q

What are the two types of acid-base disorders?

A

Respiratory

Metabolic

41
Q

Respiratory disorder

A

Affect the blood acidity by causing changes in PCO2

42
Q

Metabolic disorder

A

Affect the blood acidity by causing changes in the HCO3-

43
Q

Acidosis

A

Increased pCO2- respiratory

Decreased HCO3- decreased

44
Q

Reabsorption

A

Essential substances such as glucose, salts, and amino acids and water are reabsorbed from the filtrate and returned to the blood

45
Q

Where does reabsorption occur primarily?

A

In the proximal convoluted tubule

46
Q

What kind of activity is reabsorption?

A

ACTIVE process

47
Q

movement of molecules in rebsorption is accompanied by?

A

Passive movement of water: results in the formation of concentrated urine

48
Q

Urine is ____ to blood

A

Hypertonic

49
Q

What does the nephron do?

A

Primary function is to clean the blood plasma of unwanted substances as it passes through the kidney.

50
Q

Through what does the nephron maintain the bloodstream’s solute concentration?

A

Through selective permeability of its walls and the maintenance of an osmolarity gradient.

51
Q

Why must the nephron be selective?

A

Because the blood contains both wanted and unwanted substances.

52
Q

Primary sites of regulating water, sodium, and potassium loss in the nephron.

A

Ascending loop of Henle, collected duct, and descending loop of Henle.

53
Q

What is the distal convoluted tubule the primary site for?

A

Secretion of substances into the filtrate.

54
Q

Aldosterone

A

A hormone increases exchange transport of sodium and potassium ions along the distal convoluted tubule, the collecting duct.

Results in: decreased excretion of sodium ions in the urine and an increased potassium ion excretion in the urine.

55
Q

Does aldosterone affect renal blood flow?

A

No

56
Q

How is an osmolarity gradient established in the interstitial fluid surrounding the tubules?

A

Because of selective permeability of the tubules

57
Q

Tissue osmolarity increases from:

A

The cortex to inner medulla

58
Q

The solutes that contribute to the maintenance of the gradient are

A

Urea and salt (Na+ and Cl-)

59
Q

Counter-current-multiplier system

A

The anatomic arrangement of the loop of Henle within the kidney permits the establishment of the concentration of gradient that permits the reabsorption of 99% of the filtrate in the collecting tubules.

How the osmolarity of urine is established in the collecting tubule

60
Q

ADH

A

increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water, allowing more water to be absorbed and more concentrated urine to be formed.

Also called vasopressin

61
Q

True false: There is no specific excretory system is plants

A

True

62
Q

Unlike animals, plants can ______ their waste poducts

A

Use

63
Q

Carbon dioxide can be used in _____ and nitrogen wastes can be reused in the _____ ______ _____

A

photosynthesis

systhesis of proteins

64
Q

Transpiration

A

Exit of water vapor through leaf stomates

65
Q

Excess carbon dioxide, as well as waste oxygen and water vapor leaves the plant by :

A

diffusion through the stomata and lenticels (pores in stems).

Old Classes (15 decks)

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