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Medical Terminology > Chapter 8 Spelling Words > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Spelling Words Flashcards

1
Q

absence seizure

A

a small seizure w/ a sudden temporary loss of consciousness lasting only a few seconds, a petit mall seizure

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2
Q

acetylocholine

A

a neurotransmitter- facilitates nerve impulses

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3
Q

afferent nerves

A

impulses TO the CNS/brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

agnosia

A

loss of mental ability to understand sensory stimuli; unable to interpret even when organs are functioning correctly
a-without gnos-understand -ia-condition

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5
Q

agraphia

A

inability to convert one’s thoughts into writing

a-without graph-record -ia-condition

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6
Q

alexia

A

inability to understand words

a-without -lexia-reading

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7
Q

analgesia

A

without sensitivity to pain

an-without algesia- sensitivity to pain

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8
Q

analgesic

A

(pertaining to) act of relieving pain

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9
Q

anesthesia

A

without feeling or sensation

an-without -ethesia=feeling, sensation

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10
Q

anacephaly

A

born without a brain

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11
Q

aneurysm

A

dilation in the wall of an artery that expands with each pulsation; caused usually hypertension and atherosclerosis

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12
Q

aphasia

A

inability to communicate through speech, writing, or signs because of an injury to or disease of the brain
a-without -phasia-speech

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13
Q

apraxia

A

inability to perform coordinated movements or use objects properly; not sensory or motor impairment or paralysis
a-without -praxia-perform

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14
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

the middle meninge layer

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15
Q

astrocyte

A

a star-shaped neuroglial cell found in the CNS; most numerous neuroglial cell; attaches to brain’s blood capillaries, forming part of the blood-brain barrier
astr/o-star-shaped -cyte-cell

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16
Q

astrocytoma

A

a tumor of the brain or spinal cord composed of astrocytes

astr/o-star-shaped cyt/o-cell -oma-tumor

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17
Q

ataxia

A

condition without order; without muscle coordination

a-without tax/o-order -ia-condition

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18
Q

aura

A

the sensation an individual experiences prior to onset of a migraine headache or an epileptic seizure. may be a sensation of light or warmth and may precede the attack by hours or only a few seconds

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19
Q

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

the part of the nervous system that regulates involuntary movement such as heart, smooth muscles and the glands; breaks into the PNS and SNS

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20
Q

axon

A

the part of the nerve cell that transports nerve impulses away from the nerve cell body

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21
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

a protective characteristic of the capillary walls of the brain that prevent passage of harmful substance from the bloodstream into the brain tissue of CSF

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22
Q

Babinski’s reflex

A

stroking the sole of the foot to see if the foot dorsiflexes and toes fan out; a positive if there is a reaction; positive good in infants, but not good in children and adults

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23
Q

Bell’s palsy

A

the permanent or tempoary paralysis of one side of the face due to trauma to the face, unknown infection, or tumor pressing on the facial nerve

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24
Q

bradyesthesia

A

slowly removing sensation of feeling

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25
Q

bradykinesia

A

abnormally slow movement

brady-slow kinesia-movement

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26
Q

brain abscess

A

localized accumulation of pus anywhere in the brain tissue

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27
Q

Brudzinski’s sign

A

a positive sign of meningitis, flexion of arm, hip, and knee when neck is passive

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28
Q

burr hole

A

a hole drilled into the skull

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29
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome

A

the pinching or compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel due to inflammation and swelling of tendons often because of repetitive overuse

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30
Q

cauda equina

A

the lower end of the spinal cord and the roots of the spinal nerves below L1; looks like a horse tail

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31
Q

causalgia

A

a acute burning pain along the path of a peripheral nerve, sometimes accompanied by erythema of the skin; injuery to the peripheral nerves
caus/o-burn algia-pain

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32
Q

cephalalgia

A

pain in the head; headache

cephal/o- head -algia-pain

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33
Q

cerebellum

A

the part of the brain responsible for coordinating voluntary muscular movements; located behind the brain stem.

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34
Q

cerebellospinal

A

leading from the cerebellum to the spine

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35
Q

cerebral angiography

A

process of visualization/recording of the cerebral vascular system via X-ray after injection of a radiopaque contrast medium into an arterial blood vessel (carotid, femoral, brachial)

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36
Q

cerebral concussion

A

the brief interruption of brain function, w/ loss of consciousness lasting for a few seconds

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37
Q

cerebral contusion

A

a small scattered venous hemorrhage in the brain (bruise of the brain tissue) occurs when brain strikes the inner skull

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38
Q

cerebral palsy

A

collective term to describe congenital (at birth) brain damage; permanent but not progressive; four types; characterized by child’s lack of voluntary control over muscles

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39
Q

cerebritis

A

inflammation of the brain/cerebrum

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40
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

fluid around the brain and spinal cord that protects it from physical blow or impact–cushion
cerebr/o-brain; cerebrum spin/o-spine -al-pertaining to

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41
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

a stroke; death of brain tissue due to decrease in blood flow

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42
Q

cerebrum

A

the largest, top part of the brain; responsible to memory, consciousness, sensations, emotions, voluntary movements

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43
Q

Cheyne-Stokes respirations

A

abnormal breathing pattern; apnea followed by rapid breathing

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44
Q

coma

A

a deep sleep; does not respond to external stimuli

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45
Q

comatose

A

pertains to being in a coma

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46
Q

chordotomy

A

procedure for pain control through a laminectomy where interference of pathways within the spinal cord that controls pain

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47
Q

cisternal puncture

A

insertion of spinal needle into the cisterna magna to remove CSF specimen

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48
Q

cluster headache

A

extreme pain around one eye; occurs 2-3 hours after falling asleep

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49
Q

contracture

A

a permanent shortening of a muscle causing a joint to remain in an abnormally flexed position, with resultant physical deformity

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50
Q

convolution

A

a gyrus; elevated fold of the cerebrum

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51
Q

craniotomy

A

surgical incision into the skull or cranium

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52
Q

degenerative disk

A

deterioration of the intervertebral disk, usually due to constant motion and wear on the disk

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53
Q

dementia

A

progressive, irreversible disorder where deteriorating memory, judgment, and ability to think occurs

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54
Q

demyelination

A

destruction of the myelin sheath

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55
Q

dendrite

A

a projection from a nerve cell body; receives impulses and conducts them on to the cell body

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56
Q

diencephalon

A

the part of the brain between the cerebrum and midbrain; consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland

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57
Q

diplopia

A

double vision; also called ambiopia

dipl/-double opia-vision

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58
Q

dura mater

A

outermost layer of the three meninges

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59
Q

dyslexia

A

impairment of the ability to read; letters and words are often reversed

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60
Q

dysphasia

A

difficult speech

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61
Q

dystonia

A

abnormal muscle tone

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62
Q

echoencephalography

A

ultrasound used to analyze the intracranial structures of the brain; the test has limitations
echo-sound encephal/o-brain -graphy-process of recording

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63
Q

electroencephalography (EEG)

A

measurement of electrical activity in the brain from electrodes placed on the scalp; can be a slep-deprived EEG or an ambulatory EEG
electr/o-electricity encephal/o-brain -graphy-process of recording

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64
Q

embolism

A

abnormal condition in which a blood clot (embolus) becomes lodged in a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood

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65
Q

epidural space

A

the space immediately outside the dura mater; contains a supporting cushion of fat and other connective tissues

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66
Q

epilepsy

A

recurrent episodes of sudden brief attacks of seizures

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67
Q

fissure

A

a deep groove on the surface of an organ

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68
Q

fontanelle or fontanel

A

infant’s soft spot

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69
Q

encephalitis

A

inflammation of the brain caused by a virus, such as measles or mumps, or a tick or mosquito bite

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70
Q

ganglion

A

a knotlike mass of nerve tissue found outside the brain or spinal cord (plural: ganglia)

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71
Q

glioma

A

the gluey substance (neuroglia) in the brain has a tumor

gli-gluey substance oma-tumor

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72
Q

grand mal seizure

A

the big seizure; sudden loss of consciousness, involuntary muscular contraction, vacillating between rigid body extension and alternating between relaxation and contraction; also called a tonic-clonic seizure

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73
Q

Guillain-Barre syndrome

A

acute polyneuritis of the PNS; myelin sheaths are destroyed

74
Q

gyrus

A

(plural gyri) elevated folds of the cerebrum

75
Q

hematoma

A

a collection of blood; in this chapter there is discussion of an epidural and a subdural hematoma

76
Q

hemiparesis

A

slight of partial paralysis of one half of the body (right or left side)
hemi-half -paresis-paralysis

77
Q

hemiplegia

A

paralysis of one half of the body

hemi-half -plegia-paralysis

78
Q

herniated disk

A

rupture or herniation of the disk center (nucleus pulposus) through the disk wall and into the spinal canal, causing pressure on the spinal cord or nerve root

79
Q

herpes zoster

A

shingles

80
Q

hypothalamus

A

part of the brain stem; below the thalamus; controls body temperature, sleep and appetite

81
Q

interneurons

A

connecting neurons that conduct impulses from afferent nerves to or toward motor nerves

82
Q

kinesiology

A

the study of muscle movement

kinesi/o-movement -logy-study of

83
Q

lathargy

A

a state of being sluggish; see stupor

84
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

a deep groove in the middle of the cerebrum that divides it into two halfs

85
Q

medulla oblongata

A

part of the brain stem; the most essential part of the brain stem; cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers located there

86
Q

meninges

A

the three protective layers of membrane that surround the brain and spinal cord
mening/o-meninges -es-noun ending

87
Q

microglia

A

small neuroglial cells found in the interstitial tissue that engulf cellular debris , waste products, and pathogens

88
Q

midbrain

A

the uppermost part of the brain stem

89
Q

motor nerves

A

efferent nerves

90
Q

myelin sheath

A

protective sheath that covers the axons of many nerves in the body; act as an electrical insulator to speed up the conduction of nerve impulses

91
Q

narcolepsy

A

uncontrolled, sudden attacks of sleep

narc/o-sleep -lepsy-seizure, attack

92
Q

neuralgia

A

nerve pain; sharp, severe, spasmlike pain along the course of one or more nerves
neur/o-nerve -algia-pain

93
Q

neuritis

A

inflammation of a nerve

neur-nerve -itis-inflammation

94
Q

neuroglia

A

the supporting tissue of the nervous system

neur/o-nerve gli-gluey substance -a-noun ending

95
Q

neurologist

A

one who specializes in treating the diseases and disorders of the nervous system

96
Q

neurology

A

the study of the nervous system and its disorders

97
Q

neuron

A

a nerve cell

98
Q

neurosurgeon

A

a physician who specializes in surgery of the nervous system

99
Q

neurosurgery

A

any surgery involving the nervous system

100
Q

neurotransmitter

A

a chemical that activates or inhibits the transmission of nerve impulses at synapses

101
Q

nuchal rigidity

A

rigidity of the neck; neck is resistant to flexion; seen in people with meningitis

102
Q

occlusion

A

a blockage

103
Q

palliative

A

soothing

104
Q

paraplegia

A

paralysis of lower extremities and trunk, usually due to spinal cord injuries
para-near, beside, beyond, two like parts -plegia-paralysis

105
Q

parasympathetic nerves

A

nerves of the ANS; they regulate slowing heart rate, increasing peristalsis of the intestines, increasing glandular secretions, and relaxing sphincters

106
Q

parasympathomimetic

A

copying or producing the same effects as those of the parasympathetic nerves; “to mimic” the parasympathetic nerves

107
Q

paresthesia

A

a sensation of numbness or tingling

108
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

part of the nervous system outside the CNS; consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves

109
Q

phagocytosis

A

the process in which certain cells engulf and destroy microorganisms and cellular debris

110
Q

pia mater

A

the innermost meninge layer

111
Q

pineal body

A

the pineal gland; located in the diencephalon of the brain; regulates biological clock and produces melatonin

112
Q

plexus

A

a network of interwoven nerves

113
Q

pons

A

part of the brain between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain; a bridge between the medulla oblongata and the cerebellum

114
Q

quadriplegia

A

paralysis of all four extremities and trunk; cause by injury to the spinal cord at the cervical vertebrae

115
Q

receptor

A

a sensory nerve ending; receives impulses and responds to stimuli

116
Q

rhizotomy

A

a surgical resection of a spinal nerve root to relieve pain; also called a radiculotomy
rhiz/o-root tomy-process of cutting

117
Q

sciatica

A

inflammation of the sciatic nerve; pain goes along the nerve, radiating through the thigh and down the back of the leg

118
Q

sensory

A

pertaining to sensation

119
Q

sensory nerves

A

transmitter nerves toward the CNS; afferent nerves

120
Q

shingles

A

herpes zoster; acute infection caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox; painful lesions along the path of a spinal nerve

121
Q

somatic nervous system

A

the part of the PNS that provides voluntary control over skeletal muscles contractions

122
Q

stimulus

A

any agent of factor capable of initiating a nerve impulse

123
Q

stupor

A

a state of lethargy; person is unresponsive and seems unaware of his or her surroundings

124
Q

subarachnoid space

A

the space just under the arachnoid membrane that contains cerebrospinal fluid

125
Q

subdural space

A

the space located just beneath the dura mater that contains serous fluid

126
Q

sulcus

A

a depression or shallow groove on the surface of an organ e.g. a sulcus that separates any of the convolutions of the cerebral hemisphere

127
Q

sympathetic nerves

A

nerves of the ANS that regulate essential involuntary body functions such as increasing heart rate, constricting blood vessels, and raising blood pressure

128
Q

sympathomimetic

A

copying or producing the same effects as those of the sympathetic nerves; “to mimic” the sympathetic nerves

129
Q

synapse

A

the space between the end of one nerve and the beginning of another through which nerve impulses are transmitted

130
Q

syncope

A

fainting

131
Q

thalamus

A

located between the cerebral hemispheres and the midbrain; receives all sensory stimuli, except those of smell and relays them to the cerebral cortex

132
Q

thrombosis

A

an abnormal condition in which a clot develops in a blood vessel

133
Q

tonic-clonic seizure

A

a seizure where muscle contraction or tension is followed by relaxation, creating a “jerking” movement of the body; a grand mal seizure

134
Q

ventricle

A

a small hollow within the brain that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid

135
Q

hydrocephalus

A

a condition in which CSF accumulates in the brain, typically in young children, enlarging the head and sometimes causing brain damage.

136
Q

petit mal seizure

A

small seizure in which there is a sudden temporary loss oc consciousness only a few seconds; blank facial expression; also known as absence seizure

137
Q

migraine headache

A

recurring, pulsating, vascular headache (dilation of the vessels) usually on one side of the head; may be preceded by an aura with sensory disturbance

138
Q

intracranial tumors

A

tumors occurring in any region of the brain; may be malignant or benign; may be primary or secondary; classified according to the tissue they originate from

139
Q

metastatic intracranial tumors

A

a secondary intracranial tumor; occur as a result of metastasis from a primary site such as the lung or breast
intra-within crani/o-skull; cranium -al-pertaining to

140
Q

meningitis (acute bacterial)

A

bacterial infection of the meninges; dangerous or deadly if not treated promptly with antibiotics
mening/o-meninges -itis-inflammation

141
Q

multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

degenerative inflammatory disease of the CNS attacking the myelin sheath in the spinal cord and brain, leaving it sclerosed (hardened) or scarred and interrupting the flow of nerve impulses

142
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

chronic progressive neuromuscular disorder causing severe skeletal muscle weakness and fatigue
my/o-muscle -asthenia-loss of strength

143
Q

neuroblastoma

A

highly malignant tumor of the sympathetic nervous system

144
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

degenerative, slowly progressive deterioration of nerves in the brain stem’s motor system; dysfunction of motor, autonomic system, and mental and emotional

145
Q

peripheral neuritis

A

inflammation of one or more peripheral nerves; effects depend on the nerve involved
e.g. trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux), Bell’s palsy, carpal tunnel syndrome

146
Q

poliomyelitis

A

infectious viral disease that enters through the respiratory system; affects the ability of the spinal cord and brain motor centers to receive stimulation; affected muscles can become paralyzed because of lack of stimulation

147
Q

postpolio syndrome

A

progressive weakness occurring at least 30 years after the initial poliomyelitis attack

148
Q

Reye’s syndrome

A

acute brain encephalopathy along with fatty infiltration of the internal organs that may follow acute viral infections; occurs in children between 5-11 and is fatal; studies link Reye’s syndrome to aspirin use for viral illnesses

149
Q

primary intracranial tumors

A

arise from gliomas, malignant glial cells that are a support for nerve tissue, and from tumors that arise from the meninges; 5 types of gliomas listed

150
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A

congenital disorder caused by altered lipid metabolism that causes accumulation of a certain lipid that leads to progressive neurological deterioration both physically and mentally

151
Q

meningomyelocele

A

cyst-like sac covered with skin or a thin membrane protruding through the bony defect in the vertebrae that contains meninges, CSF, and spinal cord segments; a type of spina bifida cystica

152
Q

spina bifida occulta

A

congenital defect of the CNS in which the back portion of one or more vertebrae is not closed, a dimpling over the area may occur; hair grows out of the area.

153
Q

trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux)

A

short periods of severe unilateral pain, which radiates along the fifth cranial nerve; pain activated by heat, touch, and chewing

154
Q

laminectomy

A

surgical removal of the bony arches from one or more of the vertebrae to relieve pressure on the spinal cord

155
Q

lumbar puncture

A

insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space between L3 and L4 to get a CSF sample/specimen

156
Q

myelography

A

introducing a contrast medium into the subarachnoid space through a lumbar puncture to see the spinal cord and vertebral through an x-ray
myel/o-spinal cord, bone marrow graphy-process of recording

157
Q

neurectomy

A

surgical procedure that makes incision into nerves to interrupt the transmission/tract to relieve pain
neur/o-nerve ectomy-surgical removal

158
Q

pneumoencephalography

A

used to visualize radiographically one of the ventricles or fluid-occupying spaces in the CNS; accomplished by removing CSF and replacing it with injected air, oxygen, or helium
pneum/o-lungs, air encephal/o-brain -graphy-process of recording

159
Q

positron emission topography (PET)

A

a scan that produces computerized radiographic images of various body structures when radioactive substances are inhaled or injected; used to assess dementia and tumors

160
Q

Romberg test

A

used to evaluate cerebellar function and balance

161
Q

spina bifida cystica

A

a congenital defect of the CNS in which the back portion of one or more vertebrae is not closed normally and a cyst protrudes through the opening in the back, usually at the level of the fifth lumbar or first sacral vertebrae; 2 types=meningocele and meningomyelocele

162
Q

meningocele

A

type of spina bifida cystica; cyst-like sac covered with skin or a thin membrane protruding through the bony defect in the vertebrae containing meninges and CSF

163
Q

myelocele

A

swelling or herniation of the spinal cord

myel/o-spinal cord or bone marrow cele-swelling or herniation

164
Q

stereotaxic neurosurgery

A

performed on a precise location of an area within the brain that controls specific function(s) and may involve destruction of brain tissue with various agents such as heat, cold, and sclerosing or corrosive fluids

165
Q

tractotomy

A

a craniotomy that involves dividing the brain stem anterolaterally to attempt to relieve pain

166
Q

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

A

form of cutaneous stimulation for pain relief that supplies electrical impulses to the nerve endings or a nerve close to the pain site
trans-across, through cutane/o-skin -ous-pertaining to

167
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

deterioration of a person’s intellectual functioning; progressive and extremely debilitating

168
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

severe weakening and wasting of the involved muscle groups; caused by decreased nerve innervation; Lou Gehrig’s disease
a-without,not my/o-muscle troph/o-development -ic-
scler/o-hard -osis-condition

169
Q

anesthesiologist

A

specializes in taking away sensation or feeling

170
Q

hyposthenia

A

abnormal lack of strength

171
Q

intrathecal

A

within the sheath (or maybe spinal cord, not sure)

172
Q

narcosis

A

state of sleep (or stupor, unconsciousness)

173
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

neuroglial cell with dendrite projections that coil around the axons of many neurons to form the myelin sheath
oli/o-few, little, scanty dendr/o-trees, branches -cyte-cell

174
Q

neuropathy

A

nerve disease

175
Q

sympathectomy

A

surgical removal of sympathetic nerves; surgical procedure used to interrupt a portion of the sympathetic nerve pathway for the purpose of relieving chronic pain

176
Q

ventriculostomy

A

surgical opening of the ventricle of the brain

177
Q

cerebral cortex

A

thin outer layer of nerve tissue known as grey matter

178
Q

efferent nerves

A

nerves going away from the CNS; motor nerves

179
Q

gait

A

style of walking

180
Q

Huntington’s chorea

A

inherited, neurological disease that affects the basal ganglion; causes jerky, involuntary movements and dementia

Medical Terminology (65 decks)

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