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MCBM > Brar > Flashcards

Brar Flashcards

1
Q

Triglycerides (TAGs)

A

packaged w/cholesterol, phospholipids and proteins to form VLDL

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2
Q

MTP

A

assembles VLDLs into chylomicrons

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3
Q

Where are VLDLs processed?

A

golgi complex

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4
Q

What happens to cAMP levels and lipolysis during fasting?

A

cAMP levels rise due to decrease in insulin and rise in glucagon; this stimulates lipolysis

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5
Q

How do saturated FAs affect cholesterol?

A

They elevate it

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6
Q

How do monounsaturated FAs affect cholesterol?

A

lower cholesterol and LDL

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7
Q

Beta oxidation

A

breaks down even chain FA through 4 steps producing ATP and acetyl CoA

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8
Q

Carnitine deficiency

A

compromises skeletal mm and liver during fasting

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9
Q

Medium Chain Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (aka MCAD Disease)

A

most common inherited defect in the beta oxidation sequence;
affected enzyme catalyzes the first reaction in beta-oxidation of medium chain;
sx: fasting hypoglycemia during infancy/childhood; pt may die during first hypoglycemic attack

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10
Q

Refsum disease

A

defect in peroxisomal alpha-oxidation

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11
Q

What are High HDL levels associated with?

A

decrease risk for heart disease

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12
Q

What role do peroxisomes play in FA oxidation?

A

only site for very long chain FA oxidation

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13
Q

Omega oxidation

A

alternative pathway to beta oxidation; produces dicaboxylic acids that can be utilized in beta oxidation

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14
Q

Peroxisomal A-, B-

A

oxidation and microsomal omega oxidation are not feedback regulated; they fxn to lower levels of water insoluble compounds which resemble FAs that are toxic

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15
Q

Alpha oxidation

A

used in peroxisomes to break down dietary phytanic acid which cannot undergo beta oxidation

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16
Q

Beta oxidation

A

FA molecules are broken down in mito to generate acetyl CoA (enters krebs)

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17
Q

Malonyl CoA

A

serves as an intermediate 2 C donor to a growing chain; inhibits carnitine palmitoyltransferase I; prevents movement of FAs into mitochondria

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18
Q

What is the relationship between linoleic acid and arachidonic acid?

A

Linoleic acid is elongated and desaturated into arachidonic acid which is an immediate precursor for most prostaglandins

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19
Q

What is phospholipase A2 and what does it have to do with snake venom?

A

a compound that causes hemolysis by lysing the phospholipid cell membranes of RBCs; it is found in snake venom!

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20
Q

What does the carnitine shuttle do?

A

utilized in transporting fatty acyl CoA into mitochondrial matrix

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21
Q

Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase I (CPT I)

A

couples carnitine to free FA

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22
Q

Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase II (CPT II)

A

removes carnitine group; regenerates carnitine

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23
Q

What are the 4 reactions in beta oxidation?

A
  1. Dehydrogenation
  2. Hydration
  3. Oxidation
  4. Thiolysis
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24
Q

How many ATPs are generated by each turn of beta oxidation?

A

17

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25
Q

What extra enzymes are needed to metabolize unsaturated FAs?

A

Enoyl CoA Isomerase (for monounsaturated FAs) and 2,4-dienoyl CoA reductase (for PUFAs)

26
Q

When are ketone bodies produced?

A

In the absence of glucose, during fasting

27
Q

Vasopressin

A

aka ADH; regulates water retention; raises BP

28
Q

Oxytocin

A

uterine contractions, delivery of milk from glands, bonding/trust

29
Q

Glucagon

A

causes liver to convert glycogen to glucose

30
Q

Secretin

A

regulates duodenal pH

31
Q

Glutathione

A

reducing agent

32
Q

Describe the structure of polypeptide chains

A

Primary: determined by sequence of AA
Secondary: formed by different regions of sequence (alpha helices, beta strands)
Tertiary: packing elements into globular unit
Quaternary: several pp chains interacting called subunits

33
Q

Hydroxyl AA

A

form covalent bonds with carbohydrates

34
Q

Proline

A

introduces kinks into protein chains

35
Q

Why do people with phenylketonuria (PKU) have light complexions and how do you tx?

A

because the problem with phenylalanine hydroxylase affects the synth of melanin; tx by severely restricting phenylalanine but not eliminating it completely because it is essential!

36
Q

Sarin, malthion

A

form covalent bond at active site of acetylcholinesterase

37
Q

Production of ammonia

A

Glutamate + NAD+ –> a-ketoglutarate + NADH + NH3

38
Q

Assimilation of ammonia

A

Glutamate + NH3 + ATP –> glutamine + ADP + Pi

39
Q

Nitrogen balance

A

nitrogen consumed - nitrogen excreted

40
Q

When is the nitrogen balance zero?

A

in healthy adults

41
Q

When is the nitrogen balance positive?

A

childhood, pregnancy, muscle building, healing

42
Q

When is the nitrogen balance negative?

A

protein malnutrition, deficiency of essential amino acids, stress

43
Q

Glucogenic AAs

A

Alanine, Arginine, Asparagine, Aspartate, Cysteine, Glutamate, Glutamine, Glycine, Proline, Serine, Histidine, Methionine, Threonine, Valine

44
Q

Ketogenic AAs

A

Leucine, Lysine

45
Q

Which AAs make Acetyl-CoA?

A

Isoleucine, Leucine, Tryptophan

46
Q

Which AAs make Acetoacetyl CoA?

A

Leucine, Lysine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine

47
Q

Which AAs make Pyruvate?

A

Serine, Threonine, Glycone, Tryptophan, Cysteine, Alanine

48
Q

Which AAs make Oxaloacetate?

A

Aspartate, Asparagine

49
Q

Which AAs make a-ketoglutarate?

A

Proline, Arginine, Histidine, Glutamine, Glutamate

50
Q

Which AAs make Succinyl-CoA?

A

Methionine, Valine, Threonine, Isoleucine

51
Q

Which AAs make Fumarate?

A

Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Aspartate

52
Q

Folic acid

A

receives 1 C fragments from donors and transfers them to intermediates in the synth of AAs, purines and thymidine monophosphate

53
Q

What inhibits heme synth?

A

Iron, lead, heme

54
Q

Which AAs make Catecholamines?

A

Phenylalanine, Tyrosine

55
Q

Which AAs make Serotonin?

A

Tryptophan

56
Q

Which AAs make Histamine?

A

Histidine

57
Q

Which AAs make Glutathione?

A

Glutamate, Cysteine, Glycine

58
Q

Which AAs make Nitric Oxide?

A

L-Arginine

59
Q

What makes NAD/NADP?

A

Niacin

60
Q

Which AAs make Thyroid Hormones?

A

Tyrosine

61
Q

Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) Deficiency

A

converts adenosine –> inosine; causes severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID); kids die before 2 yo

62
Q

Gout

A

hyperuricemia w/recurrent attacks of acute arthritic joint inflammation; tx: allopurinol

MCBM (11 decks)

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