Tongue (dave's notes)

Question 1

Describe the tongue

Answer 1

A mass of skeletal muscle covered with mucous membrane, with a midline fibrous septum

Question 2

What are the parts of the tongue?

Answer 2

The dorsum (upper surface)
The tip (most anterior)
The inferior surface
The root

Question 3

What is significant about the mucous membrane of the tongue?

Answer 3

The mucous membrane of the oral and pharyngeal parts have different developmental origins and surface appearances

Question 4

What is the anterior 2/3 of the tongue covered with? What occurs here?

Answer 4

Mucous membrane, into which the underlying muscles are inserted

Question 5

What is the epithelium type on the anterior two thirds of the tongue?

Answer 5

Mucous membrane with stratified squamous epithelium of a keratinising variety.

Question 6

Other than mucous membrane, what is found on the anterior 2/3rs of the tongue? What type of glands?

Answer 6

The anterior 2/3rds is roughened with papillae. There are no glands on the dorsum of the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue.

Question 7

What types of papillae are found on the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

Answer 7

Filiform, fungiform and vallate (v-shape)

Question 8

Describe the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue

Answer 8

Post sulcal, really a part of the pharynx from the sulcus terminals to the epiglottis

Question 9

What is found at the apex of the sulcus between the anterior 2/3rds and the posterior 1/3rd?

Answer 9

The foramen caecum, the remains of the thyroglossal duct

Question 10

What types of papillae and glands are found in the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue, behind the sulcus? What appearance does this region have?

Answer 10

Nodular appearance from the presence of underlying mucous and serous glands. There are no papillae behind the sulcus.

Question 11

What two types of muscles are found in the tongue?

Answer 11

Intrinsic - wholly within the tongue, not attached to any bones
Extrinsic - attached to bone

Question 12

List the intrinsic muscles of the tongue.

Answer 12

Superior and inferior longitudinal, transverse and vertical

Question 13

List the extrinsic muscles of the tongue

Answer 13

Genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, palatoglossus

Question 14

Which is the largest extrinsic muscle of the tongue? Where does it attach?

Answer 14

Genioglossus; also connects to the hyoid bone

Question 15

From what does hyoglossus arise? What does it interdigitate with?

Answer 15

Arises from the length of the greater horn of the hyoid, with the upper borders interdigitating with styloglossus.

Question 16

Describe the anterior and posterior borders of hyoglossus

Answer 16

These are free

Question 17

What are the lateral relations of hyoglossus?

Answer 17

Lateral and superficial to hyoglossal, from superior to inferior:
Lingual nerve,
Submandibular duct
Hypoglossal nerve

Question 18

What are the deep relations of hyoglossus?

Answer 18

From above downwards:
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Styloid ligament
Lingual artery

Question 19

What are the attachments of styloglossus?

Answer 19

From the lower part of the styloid process and the upper part of the stylohyoid ligament

Question 20

What does styloglossus pass below?

Answer 20

The superior constrictor to the side of the tongue

Question 21

What are the attachments of palatoglossus?

Answer 21

From the palatine aponeurosis to the side of the tongue

Question 22

What do the attachments of palatoglossus create?

Answer 22

The palatoglossal arch

Question 23

What is the blood supply to the tongue?

Answer 23

The lingual artery

Question 24

What is the venous drainage of the tongue?

Answer 24

Via tributaries to the lingual vein, to the internal jugular vein

Question 25

What is the nerve supply to the muscles of the tongue?

Answer 25

All muscles are supplied by the hypoglossal nerve except palatoglossal which is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus

Question 26

What is the innervation of the vallecula?

Answer 26

Sensory, from the internal laryngeal nerve

Question 27

What is the sensory innervation to the posterior one third of the tongue?

Answer 27

Glossopharyngeal nerve, sense, taste and parasympathetic

Question 28

What is the sensory innervation to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

Answer 28

Lingual nerve, trigeminal sense, CT (facial) taste - also carries parasympathetic fibres for the glands.