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Fundamentals > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Cytokine

A

Hormones used for signalling w/in immune system

Affect local vasodilation, capillary permeability, prostaglandins

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2
Q

Types of lymphocytes

A

Helper T
Killer T
Regulator T
B

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3
Q

Types of myeloid cells

A 
Monocyte/macrophage
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Mast cells
Natural killers
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4
Q

Common cytokines

A

Interleukin
Interferon
Tissue necrosis factor
Granulocyte colony stimulation factor (GCSF)
Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)

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5
Q

Monocyte

A 
Innate system
Phagocytize bacteria
Become macrophages once they move from blood to tissue; more in places prone to invasion (lungs vs skin, etc.)
Release lots of cytokines - alert system
Antigen presenting cells
Include microglia, Kupffer cells
Release inflammation mediating cytokines
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6
Q

Neutrophil

A 
aka polymorphonuclearcytes
Innate system
Phagocytes
70% of serum WBC
Segmented are old, banded are new
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7
Q

Shift to the left

A

High number of banded vs segmented neutrophils (normal is 1-2%)
Indicates immune system is ramping up in response to something

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8
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Resemble both innate and adaptive
Bacteria, viruses
Make antibodies
Two key mechanism (don’t kill and kill signals)

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9
Q

Pattern-recognition receptors

A

Inherited receptors found in the innate immune system

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10
Q

Complement system

A

Innate system
Proteins that attach to invaders
Either destroy invader opsonizate it
Large complement clumps can cause things to precipitate out - can cause problems in glomerulus

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11
Q

Opsonization

A

“preparing to eat”
Process of marking a pathogen and preparing it for destruction by immune cells
Can involve binding antigens or complement proteins to pathogen

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12
Q

C3 and C5

A

Major complement proteins

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13
Q

Innate system

A

Deals w/ majority of invaders

Fast and non-specific

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14
Q

Adaptive system

A

Slow response to specific problems

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15
Q

CD4 cells

A

Helper T cells

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16
Q

CD8 cells

A

Killer T cells

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17
Q

T Lymphocytes

A

Helper (CD4) - Trigger killer T cells, tell B cells to make antibodies (have two key system)
Killer (CD8) -
Regulatory - poorly understood

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18
Q

B Lymphocytes

A

Produce antibodies

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19
Q

Humoral vs cellular components of immune system

A 
Humoral = antibodies/antigens and complement
Cellular = white blood cells
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20
Q

MHC

A

Major Histocompatability Complexes are markers on cells that help them identify themselves. Only found on nucleated cells.
MHC-I - found on all cells, show what’s happening inside cell; lack of MHC-I causes Complement reaction
MHC-II - only on antigen presenting cells; presented to Helper T’s that then activate Killer T’s; shows what’s happening outside cells

21
Q

Plasma cells

A

Active B cells that are making antibodies

22
Q

Memory cells

A

B cells left after an infection; capable of a faster response to later infection

23
Q

Immunoglobin

A

An antibody
Constant region
Variable parts - variable part contains that antigen binding site

24
Q

IgG

A

Most common antibody in serum.

Able to cross placenta

25
Q

Passive immunity

A

Newborns receive immunity from mother via IgG cells. Last approximately six months.

26
Q

IgM

A

Antibody produced during primary infection

Activates complement cascade

27
Q

IgA

A

Most abundant antibody
Found in mucus (GI, nose, etc.)
Found in milk - infant protection
IgA deficiency is most common immune deficiency; s/s = chronic sinus infections

28
Q

IgE

A

Allergies and anaphylaxis antibody

29
Q

IgD

A

Poorly understood antibody, involved w/ B cells

30
Q

Graft vs Host disease

A

In immunocompromised patients, graft/transplant contains active WBC (primarily Killer T) that attack host cells. 90% fatality. Irradiation kills nucleated cells and doesn’t damage RBC.

31
Q

B cells

A

Adaptive, lymphocytes

Produce antibodies

32
Q

Titer

A

Draw blood and look for specific antibodies

33
Q

Areas on an antibody

A

Variable region - antigen binding site
Constant region - immune cell binding site
Heavy chain - defines type of antibody
Light chain

34
Q

HLA B27

A

HLA associated with some autoimmune diseases

35
Q

HLA

A

Human Leukocyte Antigen

Found by looking at someone’s WBC’s MHC

36
Q

Antigen producing cells (APC)

A

Cells that have an MHC-II
Tell Helper T cells what antigens are on an invader
Includes macrophages

37
Q

Signs of inflammatory response

A

Rubor, dolor, calor, tumor
(red, painful, warmth, swelling)
Indicative of infection

38
Q

Basophils and mast cells

A

Innate
Have IgE antigens
Lots of granulations
Involved in allergies

39
Q

Eosinophils

A

Innate
Lots of granulations
Fight parasites
Involved in allergies

40
Q

Type I hypersensitivity

A

IgE mediated (basophil/mast cells)
Fast rxn
Requires primary and secondary exposure
Anaphylaxis

41
Q

Type II hypersensitivity

A 
Anitbody mediated (IgM or IgG)
Transfusion reactions, rheumatic fever, grave's disease
42
Q

Type III hypersensitivity

A

Caused by circulating immune complexes that activate complement
Lupus, polyarteritis

43
Q

Type IV hypersensitivity

A

T cell mediated
Slow
TB, poison oak

44
Q

Allograft

A

Transplant w/in the same species

45
Q

Autograft

A

Graft w/in an individual

46
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Basophils/Mast cells
Eosinophils

47
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

48
Q

Primary immunodeficiency

A

Iatrogenic common cause, may also be congenital or spontaneous
Abnormality in development or function of B and/or T cells

49
Q

Secondary immunodeficiency

A

Immune system is present but isn’t working - not an abnormality in development/function of T/B cells
HIV, Kwashiorkor

Fundamentals (14 decks)

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