Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fundamentals > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

Myenteric Plexus

A

aka Auerbach plexus

Controls contractions and tonicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Meissner’s Plexus

A

aka submucosal plexus

Controls local blood flow and wall unfolding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cecum

A

Beginning of the large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the path of food from the oropharynx to the anus?

A

Oropharynx –> esophagus (UES and LES) –> stomach (fundus, body, pylorus, pyloric sphincter) –> duodenum –> jejunum –> ileum –> cecum –> ascending colon –> transverse colon –> descending colon –> sigmoid colon –> rectum –> anal canal –> anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the types of salivary glands and their secretions?

A

Sublingual - serous and mucus Submandibular - serous and mucus
Parotid - serous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ptyalin

A

Main component of serous fluid

Digests starches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Salivary contents and salivary pH

A 
H20
Mucus
Bicarb
K+
Salivary amylase (carb digestion)
Linguil lipase (inactive until stomach)
pH = 6-7
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Actions of swallowing

A

Tongue pushes bolus back
Soft palate rises to protect nasopharynx
Epiglottis drops back and down to protect airway
Esophagus opens wide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What stimulates salivation?

A 
Sour
Smooth
Sweet
Smell
Sight
Nausea
Insulin secretion 
Aggression
Mostly parasympathetic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Apthous ulcer

A

Break in mucosal layer, causes erosion of epithelial layer
Can occur anywhere in GI tract
Causes - friction, stress, problem w/ mucus secretion
Tx - artificial barrier, antisthetic rinse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Layers of the GI tract

A

Mucosa (contains glands)
Submucosa (connective tissue)
Muscularis (longitudinal, circular and oblique)
Serosa (adventitia, continuous with mesentery)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What makes up the enteric nervous system?

A

Submucosal (Meissner) plexus - in submucosa, controls local blood flow
Myenteric (Auerbach) plexus - in muscularis, controls contractions and tonicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are primary and secondary peristalsis?

A

Primary is when you first swallow. If a bolus gets stuck in the esophagus, secondary peristalsis is triggered to try and move it the rest of the way.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where are the swallowing center in the CNS?

A

Pons and medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is splanchic flow?

A

Blood from GI tract runs through liver for processing and filtering.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Upper and lower esophageal sphincters

A

UES - prevents air going into stomach

LES - prevents stomach contents from backing up into esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Esophageal stricture and rings

A

Stricture - scar tissue builds up and narrows esophagus
Rings - bands of muscle form in lower esophagus
Both associated with GERD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Achalasia

A

Failure of the LES to relax; food becomes stuck in esophagus.
Can lead to swelling, infection and ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Primary functions of the oropharynx

A

Chewing
Mixing food and saliva
Begin carb and starch digestion
Move food into esophagus (swallow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Primary functions of the esophagus

A

Transport food to the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Primary function of the stomach

A

Store food
Secrete digestive juices and mix with food
Begin protein digestion
Move chyme into duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Anatomical boundaries of the stomach

A

Cardia, fundus, greater curvature, pyloric sphincter, lesser curvature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Rugae

A

Folds in the stomach wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Oxyntic glands

A

Found in the stomach

Contain parietal cells, chief cells, ECL cells, D cells, G cells and Mucous neck cells (Goblet cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Pyloric glands

A

Found in stomach

Contain G cells, D cells and Mucous neck cells (Goblet cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Parietal cells

A

Secrete gastric acid (HCl) and Intrinsic factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

Needed for vitamin B absorption

Produced by parietal cells

28
Q

Chief cells

A

Produce pepsinogen

29
Q

Pepsinogen

A

Converted to pepsin w/ HCl

Breaks down proteins

30
Q

ECL cells

A

Secrete histamine that binds at H2 receptors and stimulates gastric acid secretion

31
Q

D cells

A

Inhibits gastric acid production

32
Q

G cells

A

Secrete gastrin to stimulate gastric acid secretion

33
Q

Mucous neck/Goblet cells

A

Secrete protective mucus

34
Q

Peritoneum

A

Serous membrane that covers abdominal organs

35
Q

Esophageal spasms

A

Bolus overstretches esophagus and causes contractions and spasms

36
Q

Mesentery

A

Part of the peritoneum that attaches organs to the posterior abdominal wall

37
Q

What stimulates stomach secretions?

A 
Aggression/hostility
Cephalic phase stimulation
Gastric secretions
PNS
More secretion in afternoon/evening than morning
38
Q

What inhibits stomach secretions?

A 
SNS
Bad tastes
Rage
Fear
Pain
39
Q

What secretions digest what types of food?

A

Salivary amylase - carbohydrates
Pepsin - proteins
Lingual lipase - fats

40
Q

Gastroileal reflex

A

When food hits the stomach, ileal motility increases to make room for more chyme

41
Q

Gastroenteric/gastrocholic reflex

A

When the stomach stretches peristalsis is triggered (similar reflex found throughout GI tract)

42
Q

Function of the small intestine

A

Absortion
Propulsion
Continued digestion

43
Q

Brunner’s gland

A

Found in duodenum

Secrete alkaline mucus for proection

44
Q

Crypts of Leiberkuhn

A

Investigation in mucousal layer
Secrete digestive juices
Hold replacements for epithelial cells

45
Q

I-cells

A

In duodenum and jejunum

Secrete cholecystokinin

46
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

Secreted in small intestine when food enters
Inhibits gastric emptying
Stimulates pancreatic enzyme and bicarb secretion
Stimulates gallbladder to release bile
Inhibits chief and parietal cells and peristalsis

47
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

In ileum

Small lymph nodes

48
Q

What stimulates small intestine activity?

A

Stretching, gastrin, CCK, insulin, motilin and serotonin trigger peristalsis
Presence of acid, fat, protein byproducts, osomotic imbalance or irritation stimulate CCK and GIP

49
Q

What inhibits small intestine activity?

A

Distention, irritation, acidity, CCK, GIP, secretin inhibit emptying

50
Q

What is GIP?

A

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide
Stimulates insulin release
Inhibits chief and parietal cells and peristalsis

51
Q

Pancreatic enzymes

A

Inactive - trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase
Breakdown proteins into amino acids
Trypsinogen is activated first, helps activate other enzymes
Active - alpha amylase, pancreatic lipase

52
Q

What helps with carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine?

A

Sucrase, maltase, lactase (all from small intestine) and pancreatic amylase

53
Q

What helps with fat digestion in the small intestine?

A

Liver bile salts and pacreatic lipase

54
Q

Enterogastric reflex

A

Presence of lipids, proteins and change in pH in duodenum inhibit gastric secretion

55
Q

Ileogastric reflex

A

Stretching of ileum inhibits gastric motility

56
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

Released in duodeenum when fats and proteins are present
Inhibits gastric secretions
Stimulates bile and pancreatic enzyme release
Relaxes Sphincter of Oddi

57
Q

Vitamin B12

A

Needs intrinsic factor from parietal cells to be absorbed.

Important for RBC maturation.

58
Q

Iron

A

Found in heme from animal proteins and some fruits/veggies/grains
Low Fe = faster absorption
Needs Vit C for absorption

59
Q

Intestinointestinal relfex

A

Over-distention of an intestinal segment inhibits intestinal motility

60
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of peritoneum

Assumes yellowish color and can adhere bowel loops together, leading to colonic obstruction

61
Q

Haustra

A

Pockets of large intestine

Formed by the circular and longitudinal (Taenia) coli

62
Q

Diverticulosis and diverticulitis

A

Diverticulosis is minimal, non-problematic inflammation in colon caused by feces becoming trapper
Diverticulitis is symptomatic and requires attention

63
Q

Steps in defecation

A

Feces enter and stretch rectum
Urge to defecate
Voluntary contraction of external sphincter
Retrograde movement of feces into sigmoidal colon

64
Q

Falciform ligament

A

Divides liver into L and R lobes

65
Q

Secretin

A

Released in duodenum w/ presence of acid
Inhibits gastric secretions and motility
Stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes and bile

Fundamentals (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions