26 Endocrine Flashcards by Elizabeth Jose

these isolated cells in an epithelium that secrete a hormone that diffuses only a short distance in the CT to NEARBY target cells

Paracrine cells

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these cells are specialized neurons that secrete hormones into the blood supply

NEUROENDOCRINE cells

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Where does the ANTERIOR lobe develop from

ECTODERM in the roof of the oral cavity

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this pouch in the ANTERIOR lobe detaches and grows upward towards the developing brain

RATHKES POUCH

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The anterior lobe secretes what hormones

FSH (Gonadotroph)
LH (Gonadotroph)
ACTH (Corticotroph)
TSH (Thyrotroph)
( basophilic)

Prolactin (Mammotroph)
GH (somatroph)
(acidophilic)

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The posterior lobe secretes what hormones

Oxytocin and ADH

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this pea sized organ is attached by a stalk to the underside of the hypothalamus and surrounded by bone

PITUITARY GLAND

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What lobe of the pituatary gland releases CHROMOPHILS which are colorful grandular epithelial cells

ANTERIOR LOBE = ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
releases ACIDOPHILIC and BASOPHILIC

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This lobe of the pituitary gland develops from the downgrowth of the neural tube ectoderm

POSTERIOR LOBE (NEUROHYOPHOSIS)

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Neurons in the hypothalamus release hormones into what?

a VENOUS PORTAL SYSTEM (Capillaries –> veins –> capillaries

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The POSTERIOR pituitary is composed of UNMYELINATED axons and their terminals with associated glial cells called?

PITUICYTES

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Where are hormones synthesized in the HYPOTHALAMUS

CELL BODIES of neurons

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this hormone promotes the REABSORPTION of water in the kidney

ADH (vasopressin)
reduced ADH due to leision in CNS –> diabetes insipidues (large amounts of dilute urine and increased thirst)

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The PINEAL gland is derived from what?

NEURAL TUBE

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this component of the pineal gland has calcified concretions that look like BASOPHILIC ROCKS

BRAIN SAND

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this component of the pineal gland are modified neurons with euchromatic nucleus and pale staining cytoplasm with many extensions
secretes MELATONIN into fenestrated capillaries

PINEALOCYTES

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This gland consists of 4 small oval organs embedded in the thyroid gland
intially develops in the endoderm, lining the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches but then migrates into the developing thyroid gland

PARATHYROID glands

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What cells are found in the parathyroid gland

CHIEF/PRINCIPAL cells and OXYPHILL cells

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these cells found in the parathyroid gland secrete PTH into fenestrated capillaries

Chief cells
PTH increases calcium levels in the blood by increasing bone breakdown and calcium resorption from the kidney

these acidophilic cells are found in the parathyroid gland and appear at puberty, unknown function

OXYPHIL cells

This pathology of the parathyroid gland is due to low blood calcium and can result in tetany and death

HYPOPARATHYROIDISM

this pathology of the parathyroid gland is due to LOW blood calcium
associated with osteoporosis due to increased activity of osteoclasts

HYPERTHYROIDISM

What are the two secretory cells found in the Thyroid Gland

Follicle and Parafollicular (C-Cells)

these cells found in the thyroid gland are simple epithelial cells arranged as hollow spheres filled with colloid = acidophilic gelatinous material

FOLLICLE CELLS

these cells found in the thyroid gland are found as a smnall population of cells in the CT between follicles or hiding under the basal lamina of follicles SECRETES CALCITONIN

Parafollicular Cells or C Cells

these cells of the thyroid gland release thyroid homrones T3/T4 into fenestrated capillaries

FOLLICLES CELLS

Where do follicular and parafollicular cells develop from?

Follicle -- endoderm lining the pharynx Parafollicule -- neureal crest in the pharyngeal pounch 4

Why is the thyroid gland unique

it produces an INACTIVE form of its homrone, thyroglobulin in the colloid -- only organ to store its product extracellularly

Thyroid Hormone Synthesis ( 4 steps)

1. Follicle cells secrete thyroglobulin into the colloid 2. Thyroglobulin is iodinated in the colloid 3. Thyroglobulin is reabsorbed back into the cell, fused with lysosomes to form thyroid hormones 4. Follicle cells release the thyroid hormones (t4/T3) into the CT where it enters the fenestrated capillaries

this pathology of the thyroid gland -- enlarged thyroid gland could be associated to hyper or hypothyroidism

GOITER

excess thyroid release --> increased metabolism and eye disease

HYPERTHYROIDISM -- toxic goiter/graves disease

low thyroid hormone levels cause an overall reduction of metabolism Causes: - insufficent dietary iodine - hashimoto's disease = autoimmune disease with replacement of thyroid gland by lymphoid tissue

HYPOTHYROIDISM

this gland is found as triangular shaped structures embedded in the fat at the top of each kidney

ADRENAL (SUPRENAL) Gland

The Adrenal Gland is divided into two parts

Cortex and Medulla

this portion of the adrenal gland contains acidophilic cells that secrete STEROIDS (Aldoesterone, cortisol and androgrens)\ derivied from MESODERM

ADRENAL CORTEX

This portion of the adrenal gland is the inner portion that contains chromaffin cells that secrete catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

ADRENAL MEDULLA

where are chromaffin cells derived from and what do they do and what are they innervated by ANALOGOUS TO POSTganglionic sympathetic cells

NEURAL CREST ECTODERM, SECRETE CATECHOLAMINES (norepinephrine and epinephrine) innervated by PREganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers

this ZONE of adrenal cortex is the outer zone that secretes mineralcorticoids (mainly aldosesterone) --> BP control

ZONE GLOMERULOSA

this zone of the adrenal cortex is the middle zone that contains sinusoidal capillaries that drain into medulla secretes GLUCORTICOIDS like cortisol

ZONE FASCICULATA

this zone of the adrenal cortex is the deepest narrow layer that secretes adrenal ANDROGENS (GONADOCORTICOIDS) --> sex characterstics

ZONA RETICULARIS

this disease has HYPERsercretion of CORTISOL due to an adenoma of the anterior pituitary that secretes ACTH

CUSHING's Disease

this disease is HYPOsecretion of glucocorticoids +/- mineralocorticoids usually due to autoimmune destruction of cortex

ADDISON's disease

The Adrenal MEDULLA is made up of CORDS of ______

chromaffin (endocrine) cells

this is a neoplasm of the medulla malignant infant or childhood tumors derived from primitive neural crest cells

NEUROBLASTOMAS

this neoplasm of the medulla are benign adult tumors derived from chromaffin cells

PHEOCHROMOCYTOMAS