Lecture 20: Radiology

Question 1

How does X-Ray work

Answer 1

Rays pass through tissue, and detect differences in density to produce an image.

Question 2

How does fluoroscopy work

Answer 2

Continuous x-rays pass through a moving image, often with a contrast agent

Question 3

How does CT work

Answer 3

X-rays pass through body from all directions, to produce slices through the body, usually transverse

Question 4

How does MRI work

Answer 4

uses body’s intrinsic magnetic properties to create images, sends out an energy pulse, magnetic response is the image. Bonus, has no radiation!

Question 5

How does ultrasound work?

Answer 5

Uses high frequency sound waves transmitted by a hand-held transducer, reflections are monitored and create image that is portable and in real-time

Question 6

How do components of the body differ in density

Answer 6

Bone/Metal > soft tissue > fat > air. Important for X-ray and CT

Question 7

Parts of the thoracic cavity

Answer 7

Pleural cavity and mediastinum

Question 8

Parts of pleural cavity

Answer 8

Pleura and lungs, pleura made of viseral pleura and parietal pleura

Question 9

Areas where there are no visceral pleura between parietal pleura

Answer 9

These are places for fluid to accumulate here first the largest is the costadiaphragmatic recess, CP angle

Question 10

fluid in pleural cavity

Answer 10

Pleural effusion, seen as white space where there should be black space

Question 11

air in pleural cavity

Answer 11

pneumothorax, seen as lung outline is elevated from where pleural cavity should be

Question 12

pneumoperitoneum

Answer 12

air inside the peritoneal cavity, can cause the peritoneum to bulge up on an x-ray

Question 13

Left lung anatomy

Answer 13

One fissure: oblique/major. 2 lobes, upper and lower. Mainstem Bronchi branches inside lung

Question 14

Right Lung anatomy

Answer 14

Two fissures. Oblique/Major fissure separates uper from lower superiorly, upper from middle inferiorly. Minor/horizontal fissure separates middle from lower.

Question 15

Dual blood supply of lungs

Answer 15

Bronchial arteries (ox. Blood) pulmonary arteries (De-ox. Blood)

Question 16

pneumonia on x-ray

Answer 16

can be seen as white cloudyness in lungs,

Question 17

Contents of mediastinum

Answer 17

Thymus, heart in pericardial sac, major vessels, trachea, esophagus, nerves and lymphatics

Question 18

classification of mediastinum

Answer 18

inferior vs. superior. Inferior can be seperated into anterior, middle and posterior. Middle inferior mediatinum contains heart, pericardium and the origin of the great vessels

Question 19

positioning of heart apex

Answer 19

points down, forward and to the left

Question 20

two pumps of the heart

Answer 20

Right pump SVC and IVC –> right atria –> right ventricle –> pulmonary arteries –> lungs. Left pump pulmonary veins –> left atria –> left ventricle –> aortic arch –> body

Question 21

right heart border

Answer 21

SVC, IVC, right atria, not right ventricle (which sits at base)

Question 22

left heart border

Answer 22

aortic arch, pulmonary trunk, LA, LV

Question 23

Contents of superior mediastinum

Answer 23

R and L brachiocephalic veins, thoracic aorta with major branches, superior vena cava, esophagus, trachea, thymus, phrenic and vagus nerves, left recurrent larngeal nerve (passes under arch)

Question 24

parts of pericardium

Answer 24

serous and fibrous layers, serous layer has visceral and parietal parts