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AP Biology > Ecology > Flashcards

Ecology Flashcards

0
Q

Biome

A

A geographical area (abiotic) that has an identifiable group of living forms (biotic).

  • identified by climate
  • more producers–>more consumers(diversity)
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1
Q

Ecology

A

The study of surroundings (house).

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2
Q

Geographical areas

A

Physical constraints biosphere in a given area determine WHAT WILL LIVE THERE. typically look first at plants (bottom of food chain

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3
Q

How is climate determined?

A

How close you are to equator. More sun–more light—more hot.

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4
Q

Weather vs. climate

A

Weather: current conditions
Climate: annual average conditions

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5
Q

Physical abiotic constraints

A 
pH
Oxygen
Pressure
Light
Mineral content
Salinity 
Soul type
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6
Q

Climate abiotic constraints

A 
Temperature
Precipitation
Humidity
Wind
Sun
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7
Q

Population

A

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same general area.
-will typically rely on same resources, influenced by same environmental factors and are likely to breed with one another

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8
Q

Change causes ______

A

Change at ALL levels

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9
Q

Ultimate for population

A

How they evolved

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10
Q

Proximate for population

A

What’s happening now

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11
Q

Characterized by dynamic (changing) (4)

A

Density, dispersion, population size, demographics

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12
Q

Characterize by density

A

of individuals within a given area

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13
Q

Characterize by dispersion

A

How are they spread out in a given area?

-uniform, random, and clumped (most common, aka patchy, tend to go where resource is.)

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14
Q

Characterize by population

A

How many in a given area

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15
Q

Demographics

A

Vital stats of a population and how they change

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16
Q

Birth-death model

A

Change in population over time
N_t+1=N_t+B-D
N=size of pop/t=time/b=birth rate/d=death rate

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17
Q

Life-table

A

Age specific summary of survival pattern of a population

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18
Q

Cohort

A

Age specific group within a population

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19
Q

Survivorship curve

A

A plot of the proportion or numbers in a cohort still alive at each age.
-leaf graph

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20
Q

Exponential growth model

A

(dN)/(dt)=r_max(N)

d=death rate/time

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21
Q

Logistic growth model

A

(dN)/(dt)=(rN(K-N))/K

K=carrying capacity
d=death rate/time

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22
Q

Carrying capacity

A

of individuals that can be supported within the given area.

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23
Q

Allee effect

A

The fitness of individuals in a small population is less than those individuals in a large population

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24
Q

______ of organisms will reflect the type of reproduction model seen

A

Life histories

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25
Q

Natural history

A

All of the traits an organism exhibits in it’s schedule of reproduction and survival from birth to death (infant-toddler-child) trade-offs btw survival and traits such as frequency of reprod., parental care, # of offspring….(cost/benefit) description of life (reflects evolution)

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26
Q

Natural selection has molded to basic strategies to……

A

Solve the problem of getting an individuals DNA into the future

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27
Q

R-selected

A

Lots of babies like fish

28
Q

K-selected

A

Fewer young, more parental care and investment

29
Q

Density-independent

A

Population size is not influenced by size of population (r-grows exponentially)

30
Q

Density-dependent

A

Point when the population reaches k and levels off

  • factors due to pop size(density) that limits pop growth
  • space, competition(food, mates,resources), disease
  • k(logistic growth)
31
Q

Community

A

Interacting group of various sp. w/in a given area

  • an assemblage with unity(how they work together/identifiable)
  • focuses on biotic interactions
32
Q

Ecosystem

A

The sum of all the organisms living w/in its boundaries and all the abiotic factors w/which they interact

  • (smallbig)
  • log vs. forest
33
Q

Each species within a system has a specific _____\

A

Niche

34
Q

Niche

A
  • set of environmental tolerances of a sp. which defines where it can live.
  • way a sp. obtains it’s energy and it’s patterns of interactions w/other sp.(it’s role)
  • how it conducts its business (makes its living)
35
Q

Energy interactions

A

Organize interactions by how they contribute to the flow of energy and materials

  • abiotic
  • consumer resource (trophic interactions)
36
Q

Trophic levels

A

1) Primary producers (autotrophs)
2) Heterotrophs
- -primary consumers (herbivores)
- -secondary consumers(omnivores)
- -tertiary consumers (carnivores)
- -decomposers(detritivores->dead material)

37
Q

Modeling

A

Food chain, good web, food pyramid, bio magnification pyramids, 10% rule, trophic cascades

38
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A
  • matter/energy cannot be created or destroyed
  • matter cycled/energy flows(lost to heat)
  • therefore we need constant input of energy (sun)
39
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

For every transfer of energy some is going to be lost to heat (10% rule).

40
Q

Biomagnification

A

As you go from 1 level to another matter builds up (pesticide->algae->fish->eagles eggs were thin and cracked)

41
Q

Carbon cycle

A

6O[2]+C[6]H[12]O[6]—>6CO[2]+H[2]O

-first part: respiration, burning fossil fuels, decomposition

42
Q

GPP

A

Gross primary production

-Producers:light energy(J/m^2/yr)——->chemical (g/m^2/yr) (dry biomass)

43
Q

NPP

A

Net primary production

  • primary consumers
  • NPP=GPP-R[producer]
  • ——-R=energy lost due to respiration

(Typically 1/2 is lost)

44
Q

Community

A

Populations (diff. species) within a given area interacting.

45
Q

Ecological niche

A

Considering abiotic/biotic interactions.

-general (I serve food)

46
Q

Fundamental niche

A

Considering where the species can potentially exist (law of tolerances)
-what type of restaurant (burgers)

47
Q

Realized niche

A

Where one actually observes the species within the community
-compete with other burgers (charbroiled)

48
Q

Interspecific interactions (fundamental niche)

A 
\+mutualism+
O commensalism+ (cattle bugs)
O amensalism- (elephant travel)
-competition-
\+pred/prey-
\+herbivory-
\+parasitism-
49
Q

Law of competitive exclusion principle

A

No 2 species will occupy the same niche

50
Q

Batesian

A

Mimic the bad ( monarch tastes bad, mimics look like monarch)

51
Q

Müllarian

A

All bad tend to look same (bees, hornets, etc./poisonous frogs)

52
Q

Succession

A

Series of events in which life comes back (reestablishes itself) in a predictable way
–predictable because set of abiotic conditions tend to be the same

53
Q

Primary succession

A

No soil

54
Q

Secondary succession

A

What follows after a disturbance

-soil

55
Q

Pioneer species

A

First organisms after succession (mosses, lichens)

-r selected because they haven’t evolved for competition so they crash

56
Q

Climax community

A

Organisms after life stabilizes

  • mostly k selected
  • greatest diversity/ max. Niches filled
  • endures change better than pioneer species because it’s more developed
  • associated with biome
  • dynamic(changing) climate isn’t stable which determines producers
57
Q

Shannon’s index of species diversity

A

The proportion of individuals in an area indicate their importance to diversity

58
Q

Keystone species

A

Organism that is vital to a community

  • prairie must have prairie grass
  • can’t have ponds w/o beavers
59
Q

Invasive species

A

Came in and outcompeted native species

60
Q

Exotic species

A

Not normally found there (may/may not outcompete–>could coexist)

61
Q

Limiting factors

A
  • density dependent (biotic)

- density independent (abiotic) catastrophic events

62
Q

More diverse communities are found where?

A

Towards the equator

63
Q

Why is a species absent from an area?

A

Look at dispersal and distribution

64
Q

What does it mean for a dispersal to be limited?

A

Area is inaccessible or not enough time.

  • natural range(where historically originated and lived)
  • species transplants:when a species gets transplanted into another community
65
Q

Why species occur where they do: behavior limits distribution

A

Habitat selection

-behavior

66
Q

Why species occur where they do: biotic factors limit distribution.

A

Predation, parasites, competition, disease

-biotic constraints

67
Q

Why species occur where they do: abiotic factors limit

A

Abiotic constraints (chemical or physical factors)—–>law of tolerances

AP Biology (9 decks)

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