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Pathophysiology Lab > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Diploid

A

All cells except gametes; consist of 2 sets of 23 chromosomes; 46 chromosomes

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2
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cell; haploid cell with only 23 chromosomes

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3
Q

Euploid

A

Consists of some multiple of 23 chromosomes; 23 X ____

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4
Q

Triploid

A

Has 3 sets of 23 chromosomes; 69 chromosomes

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5
Q

Tetraploid

A

Has 4 sets of 23 chromosomes; 92 chromosomes

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6
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Doesn’t consists of a set of 23 chromosomes; not a multi;e of 23

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7
Q

Karyotype

A

All sets of chromosomes laid out from largest to smallest

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8
Q

Gene

A

Codes for a protein

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9
Q

Allele

A

Section of a chromosome that codes for a specific gene

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10
Q

Homozygous

A

Alleles for the same gene are the same; AA or aa

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11
Q

Heterozygous

A

Alleles for the same gene are different: Aa

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12
Q

Phenotype

A

What alleles are being expressed; what you can see

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13
Q

Genotype

A

Total alleles that you have expressed or not

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14
Q

Disjunction

A

Separate the cell so to distribute equal amounts of genetic material to each gamete

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15
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Abnormal dividing of the cell where the chromosome doesn’t split

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16
Q

Monosomy

A

You have 1 chromosome instead of two

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17
Q

Trisomy

A

You have 3 chromosomes instead of two

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18
Q

Dominant

A

Observable

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19
Q

Recessive

A

Hidden

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20
Q

Penetrance

A

Proportion of individuals of a particular genotype that express its phenotypic effect in a given environment; think population

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21
Q

Expressivity

A

The relative capacity of a gene to affect the phenotype of the organism of which it is part; think individual

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22
Q

Mutagen

A

Encourage/cause destruction of DNA; radiation

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23
Q

Polyploid

A

Euploid cell that has more than the diploid number of chromosomes

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24
Q

Down Syndrome

A

Aneuploidy due to nondisjuction; trisomy of chromosome 21

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25
Q

Characteristics of Down Syndrome

A

Low nasal bridge, folded eyelids, large flat tongue, low set ears, heart defects, round face, and mental retardation

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26
Q

Turner’s Syndrome

A

Female with monosomy of X chromosome

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27
Q

Characteristics of Turner’s Syndrome

A

Sterile, short, webbed neck, underdeveloped breasts, wide nipples, and is inherited from the mother

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28
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

A

Male with two or more X chromosomes and one Y; Triplo X

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29
Q

Characteristics of Klinefelter’s Syndrome

A

Develop female like breast, small testes, sparse body hair, long limbs, wide hips, and abnormalities will increase with each X chromosome

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30
Q

Cri du chat (Cry of the cat)

A

Deletion of the short arm (p) of chromosome 5

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31
Q

Characteristics of Cri du chat

A

Low birth weight, microcephaly (small head), heart defects, and respiratory disorders

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32
Q

Is Cystic Fibrosis dominant or recessive?

A

Recessive

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33
Q

What is the incidence of Cystic Fibrosis in caucasians?

A

1 in 200

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34
Q

What is the incidence of Cystic Fibrosis carriers in North America?

A

1 in 20

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35
Q

Cystic Fibrosis affects the transportation of what ion?

A

Chloride

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36
Q

What will the lack of chloride transport cause?

A

A lack of water formation

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37
Q

What two systems are primarily affects by Cystic Fibrosis?

A

Respiratory and Gastrointestinal

38
Q

In the gastrointestinal tract cystic fibrosis causes difficulty in absorbing what?

A

Protein, fats, and vitamins

39
Q

In the respiratory system cystic fibrosis affects what functions due to thick mucus being secreted?

A

Bacteria growth in the lungs, blockage of the air way, and ruins the alveoli

40
Q

List 5 complications of cystic fibrosis that will lead to death?

A

Emphysema, bronchitis, respiratory insufficiency, and heart failure

41
Q

How is CF diagnosed?

A

Sweat test

42
Q

What’s the prognosis of CF?

A

Fatal

43
Q

How is CF treated?

A

Medications, physio therapy

44
Q

Research for CF is focusing on what 3 areas?

A

Pharmacology, cure, and treatment

45
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues in the body?

A

Epithelial, Muscle, Connective, and Nervous

46
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers the inside of our organs; deals with the outside world; is used for protection and maintenance

47
Q

Connective tissue

A

Anything that holds an organ in place in supports the body;

48
Q

Examples of Connective tissue

A

Blood, bone, ligaments, cartilage, and adipose tissue

49
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Skeletal (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), and cardiac; provide movement for the body or something pertaining to it

50
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Communication (CNS and PNS); homeostatic feedback

51
Q

Cachexia

A

Syndrome seen in advanced stages of caner characterized by emaciation and low quality of life

52
Q

Intravasation

A

Cancerous cells entering the blood or lymph

53
Q

Retinoblastoma

A

Cancerous tumor of the eye that is usually seen in children

54
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

Cancerous tumor of the bone

55
Q

Autonomy

A

Cell that no longer respond to normal cell controls

56
Q

Paraneuoplastic Syndrome

A

Unrelated signs/sympotoms to the local effects of neoplasms

57
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Formation of new blood vessels

58
Q

Transformation

A

The change from normal cells to malignant growth

59
Q

Dysplasia

A

Hyperplasia that results in atypical cells

60
Q

Metaplasia

A

Changing of normal cell type to another normal cell type atypical for that region

61
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Glandular cancerous growth

62
Q

Anchorage Independence

A

Ability to mitotically divide without being bound to other cells

63
Q

Anaplasia

A

Cancerous growth that has the ability to metastasize

64
Q

Organ tropism

A

Certain cancers having an increased affinity of certain organs

65
Q

Stage 4 cancer

A

Cell that are very poorly differentiated and have colonized in other organs

66
Q

Metastasis

A

The mechanism that refers to the spreading of cancer

67
Q

Carcinogen

A

Something that has been attributed to increased risks of certain cancers

68
Q

Stage 2 cancer

A

Cancerous cells that have spread to local lymphatics and are moderately differentiated

69
Q

Stage 1 cancer

A

Cancerous cells inside the site or origin that are well differentiated

70
Q

Extravasation

A

Cancerous cells leaving the blood or lymph

71
Q

TSA’s

A

Non-self markers on a cancer cell

72
Q

Carcinoma in Situ

A

Cancerous growth that has no invaded through the basement membrane

73
Q

Neoplasm

A

New growth that can be malignant or benign

74
Q

Detachment

A

Where cancerous cells break away from their original site

75
Q

Stage 3 cancer

A

Poorly differentiated cancerous cells are found in original et and distant lymph nodes

76
Q

Oncogenes

A

Transformed genes that no longer control cell growth and differentiation

77
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

Potential cancerous cells; cause cell growth

78
Q

P53

A

Gene in all cells that acts in hypoxic environment and should cause apoptosis of the cell

79
Q

Cytotoxic T cell

A

Looks fro TSA markers and promote apoptosis or flag for macrophages

80
Q

Natural Killer cell

A

Recognizes cells with wrong antigen or no antigen and try to destroy them

81
Q

List a few of the common causes of cancer

A

Radiation (breakage/deletion of DNA), inheritance, and chemical exposure (smoke, carcinogens)

82
Q

Mechanisms and steps for Metastasis

A

Local growth of abnormal cells, detaches from original location, invasion and barrier destruction, intravasation into the blood or lymph, adheres to a favorable site (organ tropism), extravasation leaving the blood or lymph once arrived at new location, and colonization of new tissues

83
Q

Characteristics of Benign tumors

A

Slow growth, encapsulated, non-invasive, well differentiated, low mitotic rate, and doesn’t metastasize

84
Q

Characteristics of Malignant tumors

A

Rapid growth, non-encapsulated, invade local structures and tissues, poorly differentiated, high mitotic rate, and metastasizes

85
Q

List a few ways we treat cancer

A

Radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and surgical extraction

86
Q

List the 4 stages of Mitosis

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

87
Q

What is happening during prophase?

A

Mitotic spindle is formed and the chromatin changes to chromatids

88
Q

What is occurring during metaphase?

A

Centromeres of chromatid pair line up at the metaphase plate (middle)

89
Q

What is happening during anaphase?

A

Centromeres split and chromatids move to opposite sides of the cell

90
Q

What is occurring during telophase?

A

A nuclear envelope forms and the chromosomes uncoil

Pathophysiology Lab (7 decks)

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