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Pathophysiology Lab > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe whole blood

A

4-6 L in the body with a pH of 7.35-7.45

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2
Q

What does whole blood consist of?

A

Plasma, WBC, RBC, and platelets

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3
Q

What’s the buffy coat?

A

WBC’s and platelets

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4
Q

How much of the blood is RBC’s and buffy coat?

A

45%-55%

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5
Q

How much of the blood in plasma?

A

55%-65%

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6
Q

Define anemia

A

Decrease in RBC’s

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7
Q

Define cythemia

A

Increase in RBC’s

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8
Q

Plasma vs. Serum

A

Plasma has clotting factors (fibrinogen), Serum does not

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9
Q

What the steps to hemostasis (forming a blood clot)?

A
  1. Vascular spasm
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. Activation of clotting cascade
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10
Q

What two pathways exist for the clotting cascade?

A

Extrinsic and intrinsic

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11
Q

Extrinsic pathway

A

Activated by tissue factor; tissue thromboplastin

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12
Q

Intrinsic pathway

A

Activated by contact with the injured vessel; collagen and endothelium

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13
Q

Common pathway

A

Where the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways come together; converge of factor X

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14
Q

Name the 5 major leukocytes

A

Neutrophils (G), Lymphocytes (A), Monocytes (A), Eosinophil (G), and Basophil (G)

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15
Q

Describe a neutrophil

A

Stains pink and kind of blue, contains granules, and has a segmented nucleus

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16
Q

What’s the function of a neutrophil?

A

Fight bacterial infections by diving into pus and killing itself

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17
Q

What is the percentage of neutrophils in the blood?

A

60%-70%

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18
Q

Describe a lymphocytes

A

Have a large nucleus that almost fills the entire cell and no granules

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19
Q

What’s the function of a lymphocyte?

A

Fight viral infections as T and B cells through adaptive immunity

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20
Q

What is the percentage of lymphocytes in the blood?

A

20%-30%

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21
Q

Describe a monocyte

A

Stains blue, has no granules, and have a weird segmented nucleus

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22
Q

What’s the function of a monocyte?

A

Immature macrophages that wander to different tissues to mature; names are based on the type of tissue they are located in

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23
Q

What is the percentage of monocytes in the blood?

A

3%-8%

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24
Q

Describe an eosinophil

A

Stains red, has granules, and has a segmented nucleus

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25
Q

What’s the function of an eosinophil?

A

Targets antigen-antibody complexes to fight parasites and allergies in the body

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26
Q

What is the percentage of eosinophils in the blood?

A

1%-4%

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27
Q

Describe a basophil

A

Stains blue and contains granules

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28
Q

What’s the function of a basophil?

A

Participates in inflammation by releasing heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine

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29
Q

What is the percentage of basophils in the blood?

A

0%-1%

30
Q

Define mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

A

Volume of average RBC, report in fl

31
Q

Define mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)

A

Amount of hemoglobin in an average RBC, report in pg

32
Q

Define mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

A

Concentration of hemoglobin in an average RBC, reported in gm/dl

33
Q

Define Hematocrit

A

Measurement of the percentage of packed RBC’s in a given volume

34
Q

Define reticulocyte

A

Immature RBC containing hemoglobin, RNA, and mitochondrial remnants

35
Q

Define erythropoiesis

A

Production of RBC’s

36
Q

Define hematopoiesis

A

Formed element production from a pluripotent stem cell

37
Q

Define polycythemia

A

An excessive or abnormal increase in the number of RBC’s

38
Q

Define anemia

A

Deficiency of red blood cells, or decrease in quality or quantity of hemoglobin

39
Q

Define extramedullary hematopoiesis

A

Hematopoiesis outside bone marrow (spleen)

40
Q

Define medullary hematopoiesis

A

The formation of blood cells within the bone marrow

41
Q

What is relative polycythemia?

A

Too little plasma in the blood; dehydration

42
Q

What is polycythemia vera?

A

Primary absolute polycythemia meaning you make too many RBC

43
Q

What is secondary absolute polycythemia?

A

Adaption to hypoxic environments (moving to higher elevation)

44
Q

What are the two types of microcytic-hypochromic anemia?

A

Iron deficiency and sideroblastic

45
Q

What causes Iron deficiency anemia?

A

Diet or excessive bleeding

46
Q

What causes sideroblastic anemia?

A

Drug or lead interference not allowing hemoglobin can’t bind to it

47
Q

What are the four types of normocytic-normochromic anemia?

A

Hemolytic, hemorrhagic, anemia of chronic disease (ACD), and aplastic anemia

48
Q

What causes hemolytic anemia?

A

Autoimmune disease making cells fragile and susceptible to infection; sickle cell anemia

49
Q

What causes hemorrhagic anemia?

A

Bleeding out either internal or external

50
Q

What causes anemia of chronic disease?

A

Bacterial toxins; WBCs are taken over and the body doesn’t make enough to fight off the toxins

51
Q

What causes aplastic anemia?

A

Body is not making RBCs; neoplasms occur, viruses; compensation for chemotherapy

52
Q

What are the two types of macrocytic-normochromic anemias?

A

Pernicious and folic acid anemia

53
Q

What causes pernicious anemia?

A

The body can’t absorb vitamin B12 due to loss of intrinsic factors; causes neuropathy

54
Q

What causes folic acid anemia?

A

Diet, malnutrition, alcoholism; similar to pernicious anemia, but without neuropathy

55
Q

Define leukopenia

A

Too little WBCs (aids)

56
Q

Define leukocytois

A

Too many WBCs; can be good or bad (bad = >50,000)

57
Q

Define acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML)

A

Rapid onset with a poor survival rate

58
Q

Define chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML)

A

Gradual onset, usually occurs in adults, caused by the Philadelphia chromosome (crossover of 9 and 22)

59
Q

Define acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)

A

Rapid onset and usually occurs in children

60
Q

Define chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

A

Gradual onset with a lengthy survival rate and usually occurs in elderly people

61
Q

What is multiple myeloma?

A

Disease resulting in lesions in the bone due to increasing plasma cells taking over the bone marrow; increase in osteoclastic cells (break down). Plasma cells make bence jones proteins that come out in urine

62
Q

Define Hodgkins lymphoma

A

Has reed-sternburg cells which are crazy giant cells; starts in one lymph node and might spread, but treatment is easier which increases survival

63
Q

Define Non-Hodgkins lymphoma

A

Occurs in lots of lymph nodes and has a decreased survival rate

64
Q

What is infectious mononucleosis?

A

Characterized by fever, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly; caused by EBV

65
Q

What test would confirm infectious mononucleosis?

A

Mono spot test

66
Q

What is beta-thalassemia?

A

Diminished amounts of hemoglobin beta chains; symptoms include: lethargy, increases HR, and increased BP

67
Q

What will a peripheral blood smear look it with beta-thalassemis?

A

Cell sizes are varied

68
Q

What does DIC stand for?

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

69
Q

What triggers DIC?

A

Gram - bacteria activate intrinsic pathway which causes clotting all over your body; clots and hemorrhage and the same time. Gram + bacteria activate extrinsic pathway causes clotting all over

70
Q

What causes DIC?

A

Snake venom

71
Q

What test checks for intrinsic pathway activation?

A

APTT

72
Q

What test checks for extrinsic pathway activation?

A

PT/INR

Pathophysiology Lab (7 decks)

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