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AP Biology > Chapters 3 and 4 > Flashcards

Chapters 3 and 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What did Miller conclude from his experiment?

A

Organic molecules is the origin of life

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2
Q

What are types of skeletons can carbon chains form?

A

Length, branching, double bond position, presence of rings

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3
Q

Organic molecules consisting of carbon and hydrogen

A

Hydrocarbon

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4
Q

Are hydrocarbons hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophobic

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5
Q

Compounds with the same elements but in with different structures and shapes

A

Isomer

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6
Q

Isomers that differ in covalent bond arrangement

A

Structural

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7
Q

Isomers that have the same covalent partnerships but different spatial arrangement around a double bonded carbon

A

Geometric

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8
Q

Isomers mirror each other

A

Enantiomers

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9
Q

Why are enantiomers important to pharmacology?

A

They may mirror each other, but the carbon could be in a different place. 2 enantiomers may not be equally effective

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10
Q

Specific configuration of atoms attached to carbon skeletons of organic compounds in chemical reactions

A

Functional group

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11
Q

Always polar, has hydrogen bonds

A

Hydroxyl

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12
Q

Determines 2 groups of sugars

A

Carbonyl

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13
Q

Acts as an acid

A

Carboxyl

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14
Q

Acts as a base

A

Amino

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15
Q

Stabilizes protein structure

A

Sulfhydryl

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16
Q

Reacts with water and releases energy; key component of ATP

A

Phosphate

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17
Q

Affects DNA and gene expression

A

Methyl

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18
Q

Why is water considered polar?

A

It has opposite charges on each side

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19
Q

Hydrogen bonds are attracted to other surfaces

A

Adhesion

20
Q

Water molecules hold onto one another

A

Cohesion

21
Q

How difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

A

Surface tension

22
Q

Amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 C

A

Calorie

23
Q

Amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 gram of that substance to change its temperature by 1 C

A

Specific heat

24
Q

How do hydrogen bonds contribute to water’s high specific heat?

A

Heat must be absorbed to break h-bonds while heat is released when h-bonds are broken

25
Q

Quantity of a heat a liquid must absorb for 1 gram of it to be converted from liquid to the gaseous state

A

Heat of vaporization

26
Q

Dissolving agent

A

Solvent

27
Q

A liquid that’s a homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances

A

Mixture

28
Q

Substance that is dissolved

A

Solute

29
Q

Has an affinity for water

A

Hydrophilic

30
Q

Has no affinity for water

A

Hydrophobic

31
Q

What two ions form when water dissociates?

A

Hydronium and hydroxide

32
Q

Increases hydrogen ion concentration

A

Acid

33
Q

Decreases hydrogen ion concentration

A

Base

34
Q

Minimizes changes in the concentrations of hydroxide and hydrogen in a solution

A

Buffer

35
Q

What products of fossil fuels contribute to acid precipitation?

A

Sulfur oxide and nitrogen oxide

36
Q

Any force that holds together the atoms making up a molecule or compound. (holds hydrogen and oxygen to make water)

A

Intramolecular bond

37
Q

Attractions that molecules have for one another (holds water molecules to each other)

A

Intermolecular bond

38
Q

Group on the same side

A

Cis

39
Q

Group on the opposite side

A

Trans

40
Q

Why is hydrogen bonding important to the properties of water?

A

Responsible for emergent properties of water

41
Q

How is ice less dense that water?

A

Hydrogen bonds keep the molecules at arms length causing ice to float

42
Q

How do buffers help in biological systems?

A

Controls chemical reactions and maintains homeostasis

43
Q

What are some properties of water?

A

Adhesion, cohesion, universal solvent, has a high specific heat

44
Q

How does having a high specific heat help?

A

Water heats up more slowly and retains heat longer than surroundings

45
Q

How does having a high heat of vaporization help water?

A

Helps organisms to produce a cooling effect when perspirating

AP Biology (25 decks)

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