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Health Assessment > Thorax And Lungs > Flashcards

Thorax And Lungs Flashcards

0
Q

The thoracic cage includes?

A

Sternum, clavicle anteriorly, scapulae and 12 vertebrae posteriorly, and 12 pair of ribs

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1
Q

Function of upper airway?

A

Warms, moisturizes, and transport air to lower respiratory tract

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2
Q

Thoracic cavity includes?

A

Heart, lungs, thymus, distal part of trachea, and most of esophagus

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3
Q

What arteries supply blood to the chest?

A

Thoracic artery, subclavian artery, brachial artery and ancillary artery

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4
Q

Each lung has pulmonary arteries that supplies?

A

Deoxygenated blood for gas exchange

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5
Q

Spinous process of T1 usually correlates with?

A

First rib

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6
Q

Lower tip of scapula correlates with?

A

The 7th and 8th rib

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7
Q

Midsternal line

A

Center of the sternum

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8
Q

Midclavicular line

A

Extends down from the clavicle halfway between the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints

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9
Q

Anterior Axillary line

A

Extends from the top of the axillary fold when the arms are at the side

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10
Q

Vertebral line

A

Lies over the center of the spinous processes of the vertebrae

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11
Q

Scapular line

A

Originates from the inferior angle of the scapula and is parallel to the vertebrae line

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12
Q

Posterior axillary

A

Drops from the apex of the axilla and parallel to anterior axilla line

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13
Q

Each rib is divided almost in half by what?

A

an oblique fissure that runs from 6th rib MCL anteriorly to the T3 spinous process posteriorly

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14
Q

How many lobes are in the left and right lung?

A

Right has three and left has two

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15
Q

Horizontal fissure

A

Divides the upper and middle lobes of the lungs

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16
Q

The right upper lobe and the right middle lobe is the same size as the?

A

Left upper lobe

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17
Q

The left lung is narrower than the right because?

A

The location of the heart on the left displaces lung tissue

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18
Q

Base

A

Refers to the very bottom of lung fields

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19
Q

Apex

A

Very top of lung

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20
Q

Lungs should be auscultation from?

A

Apex to base

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21
Q

Anteriorly, the apex of the lung extends approximately?

A

2-3 cm above inner third of clavicle

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22
Q

The base of lung rest on the?

A

Diaphragm at the 6th rib MCL and the 8th rib midaxillary

Posteriorly, apex is near C7 and base is at T10
Three rib spaces below inferior tip of the scapula

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23
Q

The right main bronchus is _______ compared to the left?

A

Shorter, wider and more vertical

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24
Q

The trachea and bronchioles contain how much dead space?

A

150 mL

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25
Q

The structure of the right bronchus make sit more susceptible to when an endotracheal tube is inserted ?

A

Aspiration and intubation if an endotracheal tube is inserted too far

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26
Q

Narrowed bronchioles may lead to?

A

Wheezing

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27
Q

Why do breath sounds differ in trachea and bronchi?

A

Trachea is much larger and has wider airways

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28
Q

As the airways narrows, sounds become?

A

Softer, finer and more difficult to auscultate

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29
Q

Alveoli

A

Primary units In lungs that absorb oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide

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30
Q

When fluid fills the alveoli, what can be heard?

A

Fine crackles

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31
Q

Excessive fluid in the alveoli may lead to?

A

Airway collapse and decreased breath sounds

32
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Lines the lungs

33
Q

Parietal pleura

A

Lines the thoracic wall, mediastinum, and diaphragm

34
Q

The pleural space does what?

A

Lubricates two surfaces, seals lungs open with negative pressure

35
Q

The main trigger for breathing?

A

Increased carbon dioxide in the blood, decreased oxygen or increased acidity

36
Q

Approximately how much air enters the lung in each breath?

A

500-800 mL

37
Q

Pregnant women

A

Lower ribs flare as fetus grows

Tidal volume increases

38
Q

What does the fetus depend in for oxygen exchange?

A

The placenta

39
Q

When does surfactant production begin?

A

32 weeks gestation

40
Q

After the umbilical cord is cut, what does the baby do?

A

Take first breath

41
Q

The chest in the newborn is round and consistent with what?

A

The size of the head up to the age of two

42
Q

In older adults, decreased function of cilia leads to?

A

Pooling of secretions

43
Q

How are the alveoli affected in older adults?

A

Less elastic and more rigid, and lungs may become “stiff”, respiratory strength decreases

45
Q

If the patient has an acute shortness of breath, immediate assessments include?

A

Respiratory rate, pulse, blood pressure and oxygen saturation

46
Q

Condition vs. Auscultation

Asthma

A

Wheezes

47
Q

Condition vs. Auscultation

Atelectasis

A

diminished lung sounds in lower lobe

48
Q

Condition vs. Auscultation

Bronchitis

A

occasional wheezing or fine crackles

49
Q

Condition vs. Auscultation

COPD

A

Wheezes

50
Q

Condition vs. Auscultation

Pneumonia

A

Wheezes, crackles or gurgles

51
Q

Condition vs. Auscultation

CHF

A

Absent bases

52
Q

Condition vs. Auscultation

Pleural Effusion

A

Absent over affected lung

53
Q

Condition vs. Auscultation

Pulmonary Embolism

A

Clear or mild wheezes

54
Q

Asthma

A

allergic hypersensitivity to allergens that produce broncho spasm
wheezes, mostly exhalation

55
Q

Atelectasis

A

collapsed section of alveoli from immobility, obstruction, compression, or decreased surfactant

56
Q

Emphysema

A

destruction of pulmonary capillary bed and alveoli creating large air sacs and bullae
barrel chest, cough, shortness of breath

57
Q

Bronchitis

A

inflammation of bronchi that stimulate mucous glands. secretions may partially obstruct the airway
occasional wheezes, or fine crackles

58
Q

Lobar pneumonia

A

alveoli become congested with bacteria and white cells causing consolidation

59
Q

Pleural effusion

A

collection of fluid in the intrapleural space that compresses the lung tissue

60
Q

pneumothorax or hemothorax

A

collapsed or blood filled lung

61
Q

CHF

A

fluid overload and pulmonary congestion

62
Q

TB

A

slow growing mycobacterium that may form lesions or cavities in the lung

63
Q

Pulmonary embolism

A

blood clot in the lungs that causes shunting of the blood to atelactatic area

64
Q

Flail chest

A

when multiple ribs are fractured, paradoxical movements of the chest may occur

65
Q

Pectus Carinatum (pigeon chest)

A

sternum is depressed anteriorly, depressing the adjacent costal cartilages

66
Q

Pectus Excavatum

A

funnel chest, depression in lower part of and adjacent to sternum. may compress heart and cause murmurs

67
Q

Biot’s respiration

A

irregular rhythm, severe brain damage

68
Q

Cheyne-stokes respiration

A

normally in children and elderly, also terminal illness, renal failure, overdose, increased cranial pressure, heart failure

69
Q

hypoventilation

A

rate below 10 bpm narcotic or anesthetic overdose, increased intracranial pressure

70
Q

bradypnea

A

rate below 10 bpm narcotic overdose, diabetic coma, increased intracranial pressure

71
Q

hyperventilation

A

rate greater than 24 extreme anxiety or fear, exercise, increased intracranial pressure

72
Q

Children begin to use their intercostal muscles to breathe by what age?

A

6 to 7

73
Q

nasal flaring is common in newborns because?

A

nose is often congested

74
Q

crepitus around clavicles in newborn arises concern because?

A

may indicate pneumothorax, especially following forceps delivery

75
Q

acrocynosis

A

cyanosis of hands and feet

76
Q

APGAR scoring system measures?

A

Heart rate, respiratory effort, relfex irritability, color

77
Q

vesicular

A

sounds are soft, low pitched and found over fine airways near the site of exchange

78
Q

bronchovesicular

A

sounds are found over major bronchi that have fewer alveoli

79
Q

bronchial

A

sounds are loud, high pitched, and found over the trachea and neck

Health Assessment (11 decks)

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