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AP PSYCH > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

0
Q

Perception

A

Process of organizing and interpreting sensory info, enabling us to reorganize meaningful objects and events

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1
Q

Sensation

A

Process in which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

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2
Q

Bottom up processing

A

Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information

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3
Q

Top down processing

A

Information processing guided by higher level mental processes as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectation

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4
Q

Psychophysics

A

Study if relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them

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5
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

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6
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Predicting hoe and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) and background stimulation (noise) assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a persons experience, expectation, motivation, and level of fatigue

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7
Q

Subliminal

A

Below ones absolute threshold of conscious awareness

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8
Q

Priming

A

Activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing ones perception, memory,nor response

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9
Q

Difference threshold

A

Minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference (aka jnd or noticeable difference)

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10
Q

Webers law

A

To be perceived as different, 2 stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)

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11
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

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12
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret

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13
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance from peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission

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14
Q

Hue

A

Dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light, what we know as the color names blue, green

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15
Q

Intensity

A

Amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the waves amplitude

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16
Q

Pupil

A

Adjustable opening in the center if the eye through which light enters

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17
Q

Iris

A

Ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

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18
Q

Lens

A

Transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on retina

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19
Q

Accommodation

A

Process by which the eye lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on retins

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20
Q

Retina

A

Light sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rids and vines plus layers of neurons that begun the processing if visual information

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21
Q

Acuity

A

Sharpness of vision

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22
Q

Nearsightedness

A

Condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects because distant objects focus in front of the retina

23
Q

Farsightedness

A

Condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than nearby objects because the image of nearby objects is focused behind the retina

24
Q

Rods

A

Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and grey; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don’t respond

25
Q

Cones

A

Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in day light or in well lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations

26
Q

Bipolar cells

A

Type of nerve cells that combine the impulses from many of the visual receptor cells in the retina and then transmits those impulses to the ganglion cells

27
Q

Ganglion cells

A

Received information from the bipolar cells and transmits it to the optic nerve

28
Q

Optic nerve

A

Nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

29
Q

Blind spot

A

Point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a blind spot because no receptor cells are located there

30
Q

Fovea

A

Central focus point in the retina, around which the eyes cones cluster

31
Q

Feature detectors

A

Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement

32
Q

Parallel processing

A

Processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously. The brains natural mode of information processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving

33
Q

Blindsight

A

Lost portion of their brains visual cortex to stroke or surgery. Blindness in part of their field of vision

34
Q

Young helmholtz trichromatic (3 color) theory

A

Theory that the retina contains 3 different color receptors. Red, green, and blue. When stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color

35
Q

Opponent process theory

A

Theory that opposing retinal processes (red/green, yellow/blue, white/black) enable color vision for example some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red, others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green

36
Q

Color constancy

A

Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

37
Q

Audition

A

The sense or act of hearing

38
Q

Frequency

A

Number of complete wave lengths that pass a point in a given amount of time

39
Q

Pitch

A

Tones experienced highness or lowness-depends on frequency

40
Q

Middle ear

A

Chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing 3 tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlear oval window

41
Q

Cochlea

A

A coiled, bony, fluid filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger neural impulses

42
Q

Cilia

A

On top of hair cells

43
Q

Inner ear

A

Innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular Cana,s, and vestibular sacs

44
Q

Place theory

A

In hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea membrane is stimulated

45
Q

Frequency theory

A

In hearing,the theory that the rate of neural impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense it’s pitch

46
Q

Conduction hearing loss

A

Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

47
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlear receptor cells or to the auditory nerves. Also called nerve deafness

48
Q

Cochlear implant

A

Device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

49
Q

Gate control theory

A

Theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The gate is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain

50
Q

Sensory interaction

A

Principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences taste

51
Q

McGurk Effect

A

Sensory interaction can influence what we hear. If we see a speaker say one syllable while hearing another, we may perceive a third syllable that blends both inputs; seeing the mouth movements for -ga while haring -ba we may perceive -da

52
Q

Olfaction

A

Sense of smell

53
Q

Synesthesia

A

Production of a sense impression relating to one sense or part of the body by stimulation of another sense or part of the body

54
Q

Kinesthesis

A

System for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

55
Q

Vestibular sense

A

Sense of body movement and position, including sense of balance

AP PSYCH (10 decks)

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