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animal physioligy > digestion > Flashcards

digestion Flashcards

1
Q

macroutirents (6)

A

carbohydrate starch, carbohydrate fiber, carbohydrate disaccharide’s, carbohydrate monosacchaarides, fats, protein

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2
Q

carbohydrate starch

A

found in feral grains (oats, corn, wheat, barely)

broken down by glucose

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3
Q

carbohydrate fiber

A

found in hay and pasture

broken down by volatile fatty acids

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4
Q

carbohydrate disaccharides

A

found in milk (lactose) and in sweetened products (sucrose)

broken down by individual monosaccharides

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5
Q

carbohydrate monosaccharides

A

found in molasses (glucose)

broken down by individual monosaccharides (NO FURTHER DIGESTION NEEDED)

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6
Q

fats (lipids)

A

found in oils/animal fats

broken down by fatty acids

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7
Q

protein

A

found in oilseeds meals (soybean meal) and animal products (meat)
broken down by amino acids (and di and tri peptides)

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8
Q

other nutrients (3 main categories)

A

water
vitamins (fat and water soluble)
minerals (macro and micro)

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9
Q

what are the fat soluble vitamins

A

vitamin A,D,E,K

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10
Q

what are the water soluble vitamins

A

B vitamins, Vitamin C

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11
Q

what are the macro-minerals

A

calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, sulfur

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12
Q

what are the main micro-minerals

A

iron, zinc, selenium, copper

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13
Q

what are the accessory organ to the digestive tract?

A

salivary glands
liver
gallbladder
pancreas

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14
Q

vertebrates have 4 segments to the GI tract, what are they?

A

1) head gut - lips, mouth, tongue, pharynx
2) foregut - esophagus, stomach, (crop, gizzard, proventriclus, rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum)
3) midgut- small intestine
4) hindgut - large intestine

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15
Q

organs in the mouth

A

lips
buccal cavity
teeth
tongue

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16
Q

organs in a birds mouth

A

beak
buccal cavity
tongue

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17
Q

what creats a bolus formation

A

mastication

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18
Q

what are the three pairs of salivary glands

A

parotid

(sub) lingual
(sub) mandibular

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19
Q

parotid gland secretes

A

serous only

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20
Q

(sub)lingual glands secretes

A

mostly mucous, some serous

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21
Q

(sub)mandibular glands secretes

A

both mucous and serous

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22
Q

2 main types of endothelial acinar cells

A

serous - watery secreation (enzymes, ions) no muccos

muccous - muccous secreations

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23
Q

composition of saliva

A

water
enzymes of saliva
electrolytes (Na+, Cl-, HCO3-)
muccous

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24
Q

enzymes in saliva

A
  • salivary amylase (not in carnivores) (starch digesting)
  • lingual lipase (generally only in young, milk-fed animals)
  • lysozyme (antibacterial properties)
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25
Q

salvia secretion is controlled by what?

A

the autonomic nervous system

-stimuli for release (chewing, stimulation of taste buds, anticipation of eating)

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26
Q

what is the pharynx

A

common passage for food and air

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27
Q

forgut - non ruminants

A
  • esophagus
    stratefeild squamous epitheal
    movement of food
  • stomach
    cardiac and phyloric sphincters
    acid and enzyme (pepsiongen) secretion
    hormone release
28
Q

foregut - avian

A

-esophagus

-crop
storage (not in all birds)

-proventriculus
acid and enzyme secretions

-gizzard
muscular stomach
grit
site of acid digestion

29
Q

stomach is divided into several regions, what are they?

A

non-glandualr and glandular

-glandular (cardiac muccosa, parietal muccosa, and pyloric muccosa)

30
Q

what lines the glandular areas of the stomach?

A

gastric pits (produce secreations)

31
Q

what does the gastric cardiac gland secrete?

A

muccous only

32
Q

what does the gastric parietal gland secrete?

A

mucous

  • HCL
  • Pepsinogens (both HCL and this aid in protein digestion)
33
Q

what does the gastric pyloric gland secrete?

A

mucous
gastrin (G cells)
pepsinogens

(pepsinogens + HCL = pepsin)

34
Q

what are the three phases of gastric acid secretion?

A
  1. cephallic phase ( neural )
  2. gastric phase (neural + endorcrine )
  3. intestinal phase (neural + endorcrine)
35
Q

gastric acid secretion - cephallic phase

A

anticipation of eating

1) parasympathetic nervous system activates the ENS and G-cells (gastrin) and parietal cells (HCL) are activated
2) gastrin binds to parietal cells = high HCL production

36
Q

gastric acid secretion - gastric phase

A

digesta in stomach

1) dissension activates ENS and specialized cells histamine
2) histamine binds parietal cells = increase HCL production
3) maximum stimuli for HCL release = histamine + gastrin + ENS

37
Q

gastric acid secretion - intestinal phase

A

digesta in Small Intestine

1) ENS neurons inhabit acid release
2) intestional endocrine factors (CCK, secretin) inhibit acid release in stomach

38
Q

midgut - small intestine

A

-duodenum
site of early pancreatic and billary secretions
hormone production

-jejunum
enzymatic digestion and absorption

-ileum
some enzymatic digestion and absorption
reabsorption of bile salts
hormone production

39
Q

definition of digestion

A

breakdown of food molecules by enzyme action

40
Q

3 spatial categories of digestive enzymes

A
  • intraluminal
  • membrane associated
  • intracellular
41
Q

categories of digestive enzymes - intrealuminal

A

secreted in SI lumen

42
Q

categories of digestive enzymes - membrane associated

A

apical membrane of epitheal cells (brush border enzymes)

43
Q

categories of digestive enzymes - intracellular

A

enzymes within the cells (intracellular proteases)

44
Q

pancreas secretes what?

A

amylase
lipase
proteolytic enzymes

45
Q

arrangement of pancreatic cells

A

1) acinar and ducts cells
- exocrine secretions
- amylase, lipase, etc

2) islet cells
- endocrine secretions

46
Q

small intestine protein digestion

A

pancreatic pro - enzymes realized into lumen

  • trypisogen to trypsin
  • break protein bonds to smaller amino acid chains
47
Q

small intestine carbohydrate digestion

A

pancreatic amalyse secreted into lumen

-starch and glycogen chain = maltose, maltotriose, dextrine

48
Q

small intestine lipid digestion

A

pancreatic lipase secreted into lumen

-bile needed to soluble fat droplets

49
Q

liver/gallbladder produces what?

A

bile

50
Q

what organ is the storage organ for bile?

A

gallbladder (absent in horses, not present in all animals)

51
Q

bile is produced from _____ by the ______ and released into the _____ (connect to the bile ducts)

A

bile is produced from cholesterol by the hepatocytes and released into the canaliculi (connect to the bile ducts)

52
Q

bile composition

A
  • bile salts (made from cholesterol in the smooth ER) (fat digestion by emulsification)
  • bicarbonate (released from duct cells)
  • phopholipids and cholestrol
  • billirubin (gives feces brown color)
53
Q

regulation of bile secreation

A 
entirly hormonal (endorine) regulation
-CCK relaxes sphincter of oddi, gallbladder contractions
54
Q

Bile secretion positive feedback

A

bile acids reabsorbed in ileum and returned to the liver

increases bile production as long as CCK keeps gallbladder contracting and spincter open

55
Q

in order for nutrients to be absorbed they must?

A

cross the apical membrane and basolateral membrane, then released into the portal vein and then the liver to the general circulation

56
Q

absorption - fat soluble vitamins

A
  • diffusion through apical membrane

- incorperation into chylomicrons and release into lymph, eventually enters blood stream

57
Q

absorption - fatty acids

A
  • diffusion through apical membrane
  • carrier meditated transport across apical membrane
  • incorperation into chylomicrons and release into lymph, eventually enters blood stream
58
Q

absorption - electrolytes/minerals

A
  • through channels

- carrier mediated transport (active or passive) across both membranes

59
Q

absorption - monosacchrides, amino acids, water soluble vitamins

A

-carrier mediated transport (active or passive) across both membranes

60
Q

hind - gut large intestine

A 
-cecum
blind sac
paired in birds (balance for flight)
appendix in humans
VFA absorption

-colon
VFA absorption

-rectum
not in birds, cloaca instead
storage of feces prior to defication

61
Q

4 layers of gastrointestinal wall

A

1) serosa (connective tissue)
2) muscle - inner and longitudinal
3) sunmucosa (blood and nerves)
4) mucosa (epithelial cells)

62
Q

ENS to CNS parasymatetic motor nureons

A

stimulatory

63
Q

ENS to CNS sympathetic motor nureons

A

inhibitory

64
Q

roles of motility of the GIT

A

move digest along the GI
retain digesta for digestion, absorption, storgae
physically break down food, mix it with secretions
bring digest in contact with absorptive surface

65
Q

segmanation allows

A

for digesta to be retained in a segment of the intestine , mix, gives it extra time (non movement)

66
Q

what is retropulsion?

A

also called antiperostalis, in the colon waves of contraction that move in the direction of the cecum/small I

in birds moves material from cloaca back into LI

animal physioligy (14 decks)

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