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animal physioligy > renal physiology > Flashcards

renal physiology Flashcards

1
Q

eliminates an aqueous solution derived from the blood

A

urine

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2
Q

regulates the composition and volume of blood and ECF by controlling water and solute excretion

A

homeostasis

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3
Q

Tubular elements that eventually discharge into the environment

A

kidney

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4
Q

Kidney structure

horse

A

heart shaped

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5
Q

Kidney structure

cow

A

lobular

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6
Q

Kidney structure

Pig, human, rodent, sheep

A

bean shaped

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7
Q

Kidney cross-section

Cortex (outer region): 2

A
  • Corpuscles (glomeruli/ Bowman’s capsule)

- Proximal and distal convoluted tubules

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8
Q

Kidney cross-section

Medulla (inner portion): 3

A

Loop of Henle

Collecting duct

Empty into the calyx and renal pelvis

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9
Q

Functional unit of the kidney

A

the nephron

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10
Q

Superficial/cortical nephrons =

A

mainly in cortex, short Loop of Henle

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11
Q

Juxtamedullary (JM) nephrons =

A

= long loop of Henle, extending well into the medulla

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12
Q

More JM neurons =

A

better ability to concentrate urine and conserve water

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13
Q

Nephron is a series of tubes that are connected to each other and eventually _______

A

provide urine a way to exit into the environment

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14
Q

Parts of the nephron: 6

A
  • Glomeruli
  • Bowman’s capsule
  • Proximal convoluted tubule
  • Loop of Henle
  • Distal convoluted tubule
  • Collecting duct
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15
Q

Flow of “urine” through the nephron: 9

A

glomeruli (blood that is filtered) → Bowman’s capsule → PCT → L of H → DCT → Collecting duct → calyx → renal pelvis → ureter, etc.

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16
Q

Key processes of urine formation

Glomerular filtration

A

Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus

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17
Q

Key processes of urine formation

Selective tubular secretion (blood → urine)

A

Proximal and distal convoluted tubule

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18
Q

Key processes of urine formation

Selective tubular reabsorption (urine → blood)

A

Proximal and distal convoluted tubule

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19
Q

Key processes of urine formation

Urine concentration (hyperosmotic urine) (water from urine → blood)

A

Loops of Henle, collecting tubules

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20
Q

Ultrafiltration:

A

mechanism that introduces fluid into the kidney tubules; exclusion of large molecules (proteins, RBC)

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21
Q

Glomerular filtration “filter” includes

A

capillary fenestrations (slits in capillary membrane),

basement membrane,

podocytes

22
Q

Glomerular filtration, Rate depends on the balance of:

A

Blood hydrostatic pressure (BP; pressure due to afferent and efferent arteriole)

Colloid osmotic pressure (COP; proteins in the blood “pull” fluid back)

Capsule fluid hydrostatic pressure (CFP; pressure by fluid already in Bowman’s Capsule)

23
Q

net pressure=

A

filtration pressure

24
Q

What is filtered?

A

Water
Ions
Glucose, amino acids
Small proteins

25
Q

Other factors affecting filtration

A

Shape of molecule- can it “fit” through the filter?

Charge- positive more likely to be filtered than negative

26
Q

Tubular reabsorption

A

substances returned to the blood from the “urine”

27
Q

Tubular secretion

A

substances from the blood added to the urine for excretion

28
Q

Proximal convoluted tubules

A

Primary site of reabsorption/secretion- at least 60% reabsorbed

29
Q

Proximal convoluted tubules

Absorption of:

A 
Glucose
Amino acids
NaCl
HCO3-
K+
H2O
30
Q

Proximal convoluted tubules

Secretion of:

A

H+
Ammonia
Organic compounds (drugs)

31
Q

The majority of solute and water reabsorption occurs in the ____

A

Proximal convoluted tubules

32
Q

Solutes and water must cross several layers to get from tubule to capillary

what are they? 3

A

Tubular epithelial cell: apical membrane (urine side)

Tubular epithelial cell: basolateral membrane (blood side)

Capillary endothelium (interstitial fluid and capillary exchange quite freely)

33
Q

Involved in creating hypertonic urine

A

Loop of Henle

34
Q

Fluid leaving the L of H is very ____

A

dilute

35
Q

Site of hormonal regulation of water and Na+ reabsorption

A

Distal convoluted tubules

36
Q

Distal convoluted tubules

ADH:

A

increases water reabsorption via aquaporins

↑ ADH = ↑ aquaporins in the DCT and collecting ducts (luminal/apical side) = ↑ H2O from the urine into the blood stream (concentrated urine)

37
Q

Distal convoluted tubules

Aldosterone:

A

: increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion

Increases expression of transport proteins on basolateral membrane (Na+, K+-ATPase) and channels on apical membrane (K+ and Na+)

Active transport of Na+ back into the blood, K+ into the urine

38
Q

Distal convoluted tubules

Parathyroid hormone and Vitamin D

A

Increase calcium reabsorption by increasing Ca2+ channels on apical membrane

39
Q

Distal convoluted tubules

Role in acid-base balance

A

H+ secretion, HCO3- reabsorption

40
Q

Organs of water regulation

In mammals and birds =

A

kidney

41
Q

Capable of regulating how much water is lost from the body

A

kidney

42
Q

U/P = 1

A

urine and plasma are isosmotic

43
Q

U/P > 1

A

urine is more concentrated in solutes than plasma (hyperosmotic)- water conservation

44
Q

U/P < 1

A

urine is more dilute in solutes than plasma (hyposmotic)- water loss

45
Q

Only some species have the ability to produce hyperosmotic urine

A

U/P > 1

Mammals, birds, insects

46
Q

Urine concentration occurs in the ______ _______ and requires the processes of the _________

A

collecting duct

Loop of Henle

47
Q

Hairpin loop configuration, with different permeabilities in the ascending and descending loops, allows for the establishment of a gradient:

descending

A

Descending: permeable to water; water enters the interstitial fluid (and blood) from the urine

-Urine and medulla become more concentrated (increased Osm) as you go deeper in the medulla

48
Q

Hairpin loop configuration, with different permeabilities in the ascending and descending loops, allows for the establishment of a gradient:

ascending

A

Ascending: active transport of Na+ into the interstitial fluid (and blood) from the urine; impermeable to water

-Urine and medulla become less concentrated (lower Osm) as you move towards the cortex

49
Q

Avian kidney

Urine

A

exits the colada

50
Q

No Loop of Henle

A

Avian kidney

51
Q

Cannot produce hyperosmotic urine

A

Avian kidney

animal physioligy (14 decks)

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