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PD BIO 305 > Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

2
Q

THE HUMAN BODY CAN BE BROKEN DOWN INTO 6 LEVELS (BODY ORGANIZATION)? WHAT ARE THE 6 LEVELS?

A
  1. CHEMICAL
  2. CELLULAR
  3. TISSUE
  4. ORGAN
  5. SYSTEM
  6. ORGANISM
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3
Q

WHAT ARE THE MOST ABUNDANT ELEMENTS WITHIN THE BODY AND WHAT ARE THEIR PERCENTAGES?

*There are 4 of them.

A

OXYGEN (65%)
CARBON (18.5%)
HYDROGEN (9.5%)
NITROGEN (3.2)

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4
Q

IN BODY ORGANIZATION, WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF THE ‘CHEMICAL’ LEVEL?

A

CHEMICAL ELEMENTS COMPOSED OF ATOMS WHICH MAY BE BOUND TOGETHER TO FORM MOLECULES.

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5
Q

IN BODY ORGANIZATION, WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF THE ‘CELLULAR’ LEVEL? ABOUT HOW MANY CELLS ARE THERE IN THE BODY?

A

BASIC STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS OF LIFE.

75-100 TRILLION CELLS

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6
Q

HOW MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OF CELLS ARE THERE IN THE HUMAN BODY?

A

200-250 TYPES OF CELLS

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7
Q

CELLS ARE COMPOSED OF _________ AND MUST _________ IN ORDER TO SURVIVE.

A
  1. PROTOPLASM

2. METABOLIZE

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8
Q

IN BODY ORGANIZATION, WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF THE ‘TISSUE’ LEVEL?

A

AGGREGATIONS OF SIMILAR CELLS THAT PERFORM ‘SPECIFIC’ FUNCTIONS.

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9
Q

WHAT ARE THE ‘FOUR’ BASIC TYPES OF ‘TISSUES’ IN THE HUMAN BODY?

A
  1. EPITHELIAL
  2. CONNECTIVE
  3. MUSCULAR
  4. NERVOUS
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10
Q

‘EPITHELIAL’ TISSUE IS ALSO KNOWN AS WHAT?

A

SURFACE-COVERING TISSUE

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11
Q

‘CONNECTIVE’ TISSUE IS ALSO KNOWN AS WHAT?

A

SUPPORTING TISSUE

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12
Q

‘MUSCULAR’ TISSUE IS ALSO KNOWN AS WHAT?

A

CONTRACTING TISSUE

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13
Q

‘NERVOUS’ TISSUE IS ALSO KNOWN AS WHAT?

A

CONDUCTION TISSUE

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14
Q

IN BODY ORGANIZATION, WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF THE ‘ORGAN’ LEVEL?

A

AGGREGATION OF TWO OR MORE ‘TISSUES’ INTEGRATED TO PERFORM A ‘PARTICULAR FUNCTION’.

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15
Q

ORGAN VARY IN _____ AND _______

A
  1. SIZE

2. FUNCTION

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16
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The heart, spleen, skin, ovary, and each bone of the body are considered ‘ORGANS’.

A

TRUE

HEART, SPLEEN, SKIN, OVARIES AND BONES ARE CONSIDERED ORGANS.

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17
Q

IN BODY ORGANIZATION, WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF THE ‘SYSTEM’ LEVEL?

A

VARIOUS ORGANS HAVING SIMILAR OR RELATED FUNCTIONS.

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18
Q

WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF THE ‘SYSTEM’ LEVEL IN ‘BODY ORGANIZATION’?

(*There are 10 of them in the packet)

A
  1. CIRCULATORY
  2. RESPIRATORY
  3. NERVOUS
  4. DIGESTIVE
  5. URINARY
  6. REPRODUCTIVE
  7. MUSCULAR
  8. SKELETAL
  9. IMMUNE
  10. ENDOCRINE
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19
Q

IN BODY ORGANIZATION, WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF THE ‘ORGANISM’ LEVEL?

A

LIVING ‘INDIVIDUAL’ COMPOSED OF ALL OF THE PARTS OF THE BODY FUNCTIONING TOGETHER.

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20
Q

WHAT IS THE SURVIVAL OF AN ORGANISM DEPENDENT UPON?

A

NORMAL FUNCTIONING OF EACH OF ITS PARTS.

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21
Q

WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ‘ENDOCRINE’ GLAND? (*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM)

A
  1. DUCTLESS

2. SECRETE HORMONES INTO THE BLOOD

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22
Q

WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ‘EXOCRINE’ GLAND?

WHERE ARE TWO PLACES WHERE THEY CAN BE FOUND IN THE BODY?

A

DUCTS THAT LEAD TO AN EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT.

EXAMPLES:

  1. SWEAT GLANDS
  2. PANCREAS (HAS BOTH TYPES)
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23
Q

WHAT IS ‘HOMEOSTASIS’ DEFINED AS? HOW DOES IT WORK?

A

MAINTAINING A DYNAMIC CONSTANCY

ALL OF THE BODY SYSTEMS CONTRIBUTE TO MAINTAINING A CONSTANT INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT.

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24
Q

HOW DOES THE URINARY SYSTEM MAINTAIN ‘HOMEOSTASIS’?

*THERE ARE 4 WAYS

A
  1. REMOVES WASTE FROM BLOOD
  2. REGULATES CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
  3. REGULATES VOLUME OF BLOOD
  4. REGULATES ELECTROLYTE BALANCE OF BLOOD
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25
Q

HOW DOES THE ‘DIGESTIVE SYSTEM’ MAINTAIN ‘HOMEOSTASIS’?

A

BREAKS DOWN AND ABSORBS FOOD MATERIALS INTO THE BLOOD TO PROVIDE NUTRIENTS FOR CELLULAR METABOLISM.

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26
Q

HOW DOES THE ‘RESPIRATORY SYSTEM’ MAINTAIN ‘HOMEOSTASIS’?

*THERE ARE 2 WAYS

A
  1. ADDS OXYGEN TO BLOOD

2. REMOVES CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)

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27
Q

WHAT HAPPENS IF A BODY SYSTEM BECOMES ‘EXCESSIVE’ OR ‘INSUFFICIENT’ DURING A SPECIFIC TIME?

A

THE SYSTEM WHICH MONITORS THAT FACTOR INITIATES A COUNTER-CHANGE THAT RETURNS THE SYSTEM TO A NORMAL VALUE.

(AKA - NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM)

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28
Q

WHEN THERE IS A DEVIATION IN ‘HOMEOSTASIS’, WHAT HAPPENS TO THE INDIVIDUAL? WHAT IS THIS ALSO DEFINED AS?

A

PERSON IS LIABLE TO BECOME SICK.

DEFINED AS A ‘DISORDER’ OR ‘ABNORMAL SYSTEM FUNCTION’

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29
Q

WHAT IS THE NORMAL RANGE FOR THE pH OF ‘BLOOD’?

A

BLOOD = 7.35-7.43 pH

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30
Q

WHAT IS THE NORMAL RANGE FOR ‘GLUCOSE’ IN AN INDIVIDUAL?

A

75-120mg / 100ml GLUCOSE

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31
Q

IF SOMEONE HAS A ‘GLUCOSE’ VALUE OF 600mg / 100ml, WHAT WOULD HE BE DIAGNOSED WITH?

A

TYPE I DIABETES

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32
Q

WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPE OF ‘FEEDBACK MECHANISMS’ THE BODY UTILIZES?

WHICH ONE IS MOST/LEAST COMMON?

A
  1. POSITIVE FEEDBACK (LESS COMMON)

2. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK (MOST COMMON)

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33
Q

‘HOMEOSTASIS’ IS MONITORED BY DIFFERENT RECEPTORS IN THE BODY IN A SYSTEMATIC WAY CALLED __________ _______________?

A

FEEDBACK MECHANISMS

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34
Q

FEEDBACK SYSTEMS CAN BE BROKEN DOWN INTO ‘3’ PARTS? WHAT ARE THEY?

(*HINT: Thermometer, Thermostat, Furnace)

A
  1. MONITORING RECEPTOR (Responds to system condition)
  2. CONTROL CENTER (receives/evaluates information)
  3. REACTOR
    (increases/decreases productivity thus regulating system)
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35
Q

WHAT IS ‘NEGATIVE FEEDBACK’ DEFINED AS?

A

CHANGES ‘AWAY’ FROM A DESIRED VALUE ARE ‘REVERSED’ SO ACTIVITY IS TOWARD RESTORING ‘HOMEOSTASIS’.

*REVERSES DIRECTION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGE

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36
Q

WHAT IS ‘POSITIVE FEEDBACK’ DEFINED AS?

A

CHANGES ‘AWAY’ FROM A SPECIFIC VALUE ARE ‘CONTINUALLY’ ACCELERATED.

‘CONTINUES’ THE DIRECTION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGE.

(EX. OXYTOCIN RELEASE)

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37
Q

WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF A ‘POSITIVE FEEDBACK’ MECHANISM?

HOW DOES THIS WORK?

A

OXYTOCIN

  1. BABY IRRITATES CERVIX
  2. PRESSURE RECEPTORS IN CERVIX ARE STIMULATED
  3. RECEPTORS STIMULATE ‘OXYTOCIN’ IN HYPOTHALAMUS
  4. ‘OXYTOCIN’ RELEASED AND CARRIED TO UTERINE WALLS WHERE THEY CAUSE CONTRACTIONS.
  5. RECEPTORS STIMULATED AGAIN
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38
Q

WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF A ‘NEGATIVE FEEDBACK’ MECHANISM?

HOW DOES THIS WORK?

A

CORTISOL RELEASE

  1. STRESS INCREASES
  2. CRH (Coritotropin-releasing Hormone) INCREASES
  3. ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone) INCREASES
  4. ‘CORTISOL’ SECRETED FROM ‘ADRENAL GLAND’
  5. CYCLE REPEATED UNTIL STRESS LEVEL IS BALANCED
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39
Q

THE ‘POSTERIOR PITUITARY’ ‘SECRETES’ 2 HORMONES. WHAT ARE THEY?

A
  1. OXYTOCIN

2. ADH (ANTI-DIURETIC) HORMONE

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40
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

CELLS DO NOT CHANGE THEIR STRUCTURE AND/OR METABOLIC ACTIVITY TO COMBAT DISEASE, MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS, AND SURVIVE CHANGES TO ENVIRONMENT.

A

FALSE

CELLS DO ‘CHANGE’ THEIR STRUCTURE AND/OR METABOLIC ACTIVITY.

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41
Q

WHAT IS ‘ATROPHY’ DEFINED AS?

A

DECREASE IN SIZE OF TISSUE/ORGAN FROM ‘DIMINISHED SIZE’ OF ITS CELLS.

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42
Q

HOW DOES ‘ATROPHY’ OCCUR?

*THERE ARE 5 WAYS

A
  1. DISUSE
  2. DECREASED NUTRITION
  3. DENERVATION
  4. LACK OF HORMONAL STIMULATION
  5. ISCHEMIA (LACK OF BLOOD FLOW)
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43
Q

WHEN ‘ATROPHY’ OCCURS, HOW DOES THE BODY RESPOND?

*THERE ARE 3 WAYS

A
  1. DECREASED CELLULAR METABOLISM
  2. DECREASED NUMBER OF ORGANELLES
  3. DECREASED OVERALL CELL SIZE
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44
Q

DURING ‘ATROPHY’ _________ __________IS SAID TO DECREASE WHILE _________ CONSERVATION IS SAID TO INCREASE.

A
  1. CELLULAR METABOLISM (DECREASE)

2. ENERGY CONSERVATION (INCREASE)

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45
Q

WHAT IS SAID TO OCCUR WHEN A LIMB IS ‘IMMOBILIZED’ IN CAST FOR AN EXTENDED AMOUNT OF TIME?

A

MUSCULAR ATROPHY OCCURS

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46
Q

WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF ‘ATROPHY’ IS NOT REVERSED?

*2 THINGS

A
  1. MUSCLE DENERVATION

2. CELLULAR DEATH

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47
Q

WHAT IS ‘HYPERTROHPY’ DEFINED AS?

A

GROWTH OF AN ORGAN OR TISSUE DUE TO AN INCREASE IN SIZE OF ITS CELLS

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48
Q

HOW DOES ‘HYPERTROHPY’ OCCUR?

*THERE ARE 2 WAYS

A
  1. INCREASED ACTIVITY (I.E., LIFTING WEIGHTS, EXERCISE)

2. INCREASED FUNCTIONAL DEMAND

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49
Q

WHAT TISSUE/CELLS IS ‘HYPERTROPHY’ MOST SEEN IN?

*THERE ARE 2

A
  1. SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS

2. CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS

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50
Q

AN INCREASE OF MUSCLE CELLS FROM ‘HYPERTROPHY’ ALSO STIMULATES AN INCREASE IN SIZE/NUMBER IN 2 THINGS IN THE BODY.

WHAT ARE THEY?

A
  1. INCREASED CELLULAR ORGANELLES

2. INCREASED PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

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51
Q

WHAT IS ‘HYPERPLASIA’ DEFINED AS?

A

‘MITOTIC DIVISIONS’ IN CELLS BY INCREASED FUNCTIONAL DEMANDS.

TISSUE/ORGAN SIZE ‘INCREASES’

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52
Q

WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF ‘HYPERPLASIA’?

A

CALLUS ON PALM OF HAND FROM ‘EXCESSIVE FRICTION’

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53
Q

WHAT IS ‘DYSPLASIA’ DEFINED AS?

A

‘ABNORMAL’ MATURATION OF CELLS WITHIN A TISSUE’S:

  1. SIZE
  2. SHAPE
  3. APPEARANCE OF CELLS
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54
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

‘DYSPLASIA’ OCCURS NORMALLY IN CELLS THAT ARE EXPOSED TO CHRONIC IRRIATION/INFLAMMATION?

A

TRUE

‘DYSPLASIA’ DOES OCCUR NORMALLY TO SOME CELLS.

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55
Q

NEOPLASTIC (TUMOROUS) DISEASE WHICH RESULTS IN THE RAPID PROLIFERATION OF CELLS IS A CAUSE OF WHAT TYPE OR CELL ADAPTATION?

(I.E., CANCER)

A

‘DYSPLASIA’

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56
Q

WHAT IS ‘METAPLASIA’ DEFINED AS?

A

TRANSFORMATION OF ONE CELL TYPE TO ANOTHER

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57
Q

WHAT ARE THE ‘CONSTRAINTS’ WITH REGARDS TO CELL TRANSFORMATION IN ‘METAPLASIA’?

A

TYPES OF CELLS ‘CANNOT’ INTERCONVERT.

EPITHELIAL CELLS CHANGE TO ‘OTHER’ TYPES OF EPITHELIAL CELLS.

CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS TO OTHER CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS, ETC.

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58
Q

WHAT IS A COMMON EXAMPLE OF CELLULAR ‘METAPLASIA’ IN THE HUMAN BODY?

A

TRANSFORMATION OF ‘FIRBROBLASTS’ INTO COLLAGEN FIBERS.

THIS HELPS IN WOUND HEALING

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59
Q

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE ‘CELL MEMBRANE’?

*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM

A
  1. GIVES FORM TO CELL

2. CONTROLS PASSAGE OF MATERIALS

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60
Q

WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF THE ‘CELL MEMBRANE’ SEPARATED INTO?

*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM

A
  1. PHOSPHOLIPID LAYERS

2. PROTEIN MOLECULES

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61
Q

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF ‘ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM’?

*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM

A
  1. FRAMEWORK
  2. TRANSPORTS MATERIALS
  3. ATTACHMENT FOR RIBOSOMES
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62
Q

WHAT ARE THE 2 TYPES OF ‘ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM)

A
  1. SMOOTH

2. ROUGH

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63
Q

WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF ‘ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM’?

A

INTERCONNECTED MEMBRANE-FORMING CANALS/TUBULES

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64
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF ‘RIBOSOMES’?

A

SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS

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65
Q

WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF ‘RIBOSOMES’?

A

GRANULAR PARTICLES COMPOSED OF PROTEIN AND RNA

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66
Q

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE ‘GOLGI APPARATUS’?

*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM

A
  1. SYNTHESIZES CARBOHYDRATES
  2. PACKAGES MOLECULES FOR SECRETION
  3. SECRETES LIPIDS/GLYCOPROTEINS
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67
Q

WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF THE ‘GOLGI APPARATUS’?

A

CLUSTER OF FLATTENED, MEMBRANOUS SACS

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68
Q

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF ‘MITOCHONDRIA’?

*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM

A
  1. RELEASE ENERGY FROM FOOD MOLECULES
  2. TRANSFORM ENERGY TO ATP

(*HINT = THE POWERHOUSE)

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69
Q

WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF ‘MITOCHONDRIA’?

A

MEMBRANOUS SACS WITH FOLDED INNER PARTITIONS

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70
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF ‘LYSOSOMES’?

A

DIGEST FOREIGN MOLECULES AND WORN/DAMAGED CELLS

*HINT = PACMAN

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71
Q

WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF ‘LYSOSOMES’?

A

MEMBRANOUS SACS

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72
Q

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF ‘FIBRILS AND MICROTUBULES’?

*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM

A
  1. SUPPORT CYTOPLASM

2. TRANSPORT MATERIALS WITHIN CYTOPLASM

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73
Q

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE ‘NUCLEAR MEMBRANE’?

*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM

A
  1. SUPPORT NUCLEUS

2. CONTROL PASSAGE OF MATERIALS IN NUCLEUS/CYTOPLASM

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74
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE ‘NUCLEOLUS’?

A

FORMS RIBOSOMAL RNA (rRNA)

75
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF ‘CHROMATIN’?

A

CONTROLS CELLULAR ACTIVITY FOR CARRYING ON LIFE PROCESSES

76
Q

THE ‘CELL MEMBRANE’ IS ALSO REFERRED TO AS THE _____ ________.

A

GATE KEEPER

77
Q

WHY IS THE ‘CELL MEMBRANE’ REFERRED TO AS THE ‘GATE KEEPER’?

A

KEEPS CYTOPLASM INSIDE AND EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF) OUTSIDE.

IT ALSO ALLOWS ‘SOME’ MOLECULES TO PASS THROUGH

78
Q

IN THE ‘PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER’, THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF PROTEINS. WHAT ARE THE PROTEINS?

A
  1. INTEGRAL PROTEINS

2. PERIPHERAL PROTEINS

79
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF ‘INTEGRAL PROTEINS’ IN THE ‘CELL MEMBRANE’?

A

PASS COMPLETELY THROUGH THE CELL MEMBRANE

PROVIDE MEMBRANE PORES AND ARE INVOLVED IN ‘ACTIVE TRANSPORT’

80
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF ‘PERIPHERAL PROTEINS’ IN THE ‘CELL MEMBRANE’?

A

LOOSELY BOUND PROTEINS IN THE CELL MEMBRANE

SERVE AS ENZYMES

81
Q

THE ‘CELL MEMBRANE’ IS PRIMARILY COMPOSED OF 3 TYPES OF MOLECULES. WHAT ARE THEY?

A
  1. PHOSPHOLIPIDS
  2. PROTEINS
  3. CARBOHYDRATES
82
Q

THE ‘PHOSPHOLIPID LAYERS’ IN THE ‘CELL MEMBRANE’ CONSIST OF TWO PARTS OR A ‘BILAYER’. WHAT ARE THE 2 PARTS?

A
  1. HYDROPHILIC HEADS
  2. HYDROPHOBIC TAILS

(*HINT - DR. ‘PHIL’ic BALD HEAD)

83
Q

THE ‘CELL MEMBRANE’ HAS WHAT TYPE OF ‘PERMEABILITY’?

A

SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY

84
Q

THE ‘PERMEABILITY’ OF A CELLS IS A FUNCTION OF 4 THINGS. WHAT ARE THE 4 THINGS?

A
  1. SIZE OF MOLECULES
  2. SOLUBILITY OF LIPIDS
  3. IONIC CHARGE OF MOLECULES
  4. PRESENCE OF CARRIER MOLECULES
85
Q

THE ‘PROTEINS’ IN A CELL MEMBRANE SERVE IN 5 FUNCTIONS. WHAT ARE THEY?

A
  1. STRUCTURAL SUPPORT
  2. TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANE
  3. ENZYMATIC CONTROL
  4. RECEPTORS FOR HORMONES, ETC
  5. CELLULAR MARKERS (ANTIGENS)
86
Q

THE ‘CARBOHYDRATE’ MOLECULES IN THE ‘CELL MEMBRANE’ HAVE 5 FUNCTIONS. WHAT ARE THEY?

A
  1. REPEL NEGATIVE OBJECTS
  2. ACT AS RECEPTORS FOR HORMONES
  3. FORM SPECIFIC CELL MARKERS
  4. IMMUNE REACTIONS
  5. INTERCELLULAR FILAMENTS (HOLD CERTAIN CELLS TOGETHER SO THEY RESIST BEING PULLED APART)
87
Q

THERE ARE 5 MAIN WAYS FOR ‘MEMBRANE TRANSPORT’? WHAT ARE THEY?

A
  1. DIFFUSION
  2. OSMOSIS
  3. ACTIVE TRANSPORT
  4. PINOCYTOSIS
  5. PHAGOCYTOSIS
88
Q

WHAT IS ‘DIFFUSION’ DEFINED AS?

A

MOVEMENT OF MOLECULES FROM ‘HIGHER’ TO ‘LOWER’ CONCENTRATIONS.

(*HINT - NO ENERGY NEEDED)

89
Q

WHAT IS ‘OSMOSIS’ DEFINED AS?

A

‘PASSIVE’ MOVEMENT

SEMI-PERMEABLE MEMBRANE ALLOW PASSAGE VIA CONCENTRATION DIFFERENCES. USUALLY INVOLVES WATER AS THE SOLVENT.

90
Q

WHAT IS ‘ACTIVE TRANSPORT’ DEFINED AS?

A

TRANSPORT BY CELL MEMBRANE VIA OTHER MOLECULES

*HINT - ENERGY IS REQUIRED FOR THIS TYPE OF TRANSPORT

91
Q

WHAT IS ‘PINOCYTOSIS’?

A

MINUTE ‘DROPLETS’ OF FLUID FROM SURROUNDINGS ARE DIGESTED BY CELL

(*HINT - CELL DRINKING)

92
Q

WHAT IS ‘PHAGOCYTOSIS’?

A

SOLID PARTICLES FROM SURROUNDINGS ARE DIGESTED BY CELL

*HINT - CELL EATING

93
Q

WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF ‘DIFFUSION’ IN THE HUMAN BODY?

A

EXCHANGE OF ‘RESPIRATORY GASES’ IN THE LUNGS

94
Q

WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF ‘OSMOSIS’?

A

WATER MOVEMENT THROUGH CELL WALL (PLANTS) TO MAINTAIN CONSTANT ‘TURGIDITY’ OF CELL.

95
Q

WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF ‘ACTIVE TRANSPORT’ IN THE HUMAN BODY?

A

MOVEMENT OF ‘GLUCOSE’ AND ‘AMINO ACIDS’ THROUGH MEMBRANE

96
Q

WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF ‘PINOCYTOSIS’?

A

MEMBRANE FORMED VACUOLES CONTAINING ‘SOLUTE’ AND ‘SOLVENT’

97
Q

WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF ‘PHAGOCYTOSIS’?

A

WHITE BLOOD CELL MEMBRANE ENGULFS BACTERIAL CELLS

98
Q

WHAT IS CONSIDERED THE 2nd LINE OF DEFENSE AGAINST ‘BACETERIA/DISEASE’?

A

MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

I.E., PHAGOCYTOSIS/PINOCYTOSIS

99
Q

WHAT IS ‘ENDOCYTOSIS’ DEFINED AS?

WHAT ARE 2 EXAMPLES OF THIS TYPE OF ‘TRANSPORT’?

A

ENDO = INSIDE

BRINGS EXTRACELLULAR MATERIAL INTO CELLS

  1. PHAGOCYTOSIS
  2. PINOCYTOSIS
100
Q

WHAT IS ‘EXOCYTOSIS’ DEFINED AS?

A

EXO = OUTSIDE

TAKING INTRACELLULAR/EXTRACELLULAR WASTE AND EXPULSING.

VESICLES FUSE WITH PLASMA MEMBRANE RELEASING CONTENTS OUTSIDE OF CELL

101
Q

IN THE ‘EXOCYTOSIS’ PROCESS, THERE ARE DOCKING MARKERS INVOLVED. WHAT ARE THESE DOCKING MARKERS KNOWN AS?

WHAT DO THEY DO?

A

v-SNARES

LINK ‘LOCK-AND-KEY’ FASHION WITH ANOTHER PROTEIN MARKER.

102
Q

HOW DOES THE ‘DOCKING SYSTEM’ WORK WITH REGARDS TO SECRETORY VESICLES?

A

v-SNARES (docking marker) CONNECT TO t-SNARES (protein marker)

UPON CONNECTION, SNARES ARE CONSIDERED TO BE ‘FUSED’ TOGETHER.

103
Q

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THE v-SNARE AND THE t-SNARE ARE ‘FUSED’?

A

VESICLE OPENS UP AND EMPTIES CONTENTS OUTSIDE OF CELL TO APPROPRIATE SITE.

104
Q

HOW IS THE ‘NUCLEUS’ SHAPED AND WHAT DOES IT CONTAIN?

*THERE ARE 4 THINGS

A

SHAPE = SPHEROID BODY

CONTAINS:

  1. CHROMATIN
  2. NUCLEOLUS
  3. NUCLEOPLASM
  4. CHROMOSOMES (GENETIC FACTORS)
105
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

THE ‘NUCLEUS’ IS THE ‘LARGEST’ ORGANELLE OF THE CELL.

A

TRUE

‘NUCLEUS’ = LARGEST ORGANELLE OF CELL

106
Q

THE ‘NUCLEUS’ IS ENCLOSED BY A DOUBLE MEMBRANE CALLED THE _________ ________ OR ________ __________.

A
  1. NUCLEAR MEMBRANE

2. NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

107
Q

WHAT IS THE ‘PERINUCLEAR CISTERNA’?

A

NARROW SPACE BETWEEN THE TWO WALLS OF THE ‘NUCLEAR MEMBRANE’.

108
Q

WHAT IS THE ‘NUCLEOPLASM’?

A

GEL-LIKE MEDIUM OF THE NUCLEUS

109
Q

WHAT IS THE ‘NUCLE-OLUS’?

WHAT IS IT MADE OF?
*TWO THINGS

A

DENSE/NON-MEMBRANOUS BODY

MADE OF:

  1. PROTEIN
  2. rRNA MOLECULES
110
Q

WHAT DOES THE ‘CHROMATIN’ CONSIST OF?

*TWO THINGS

A
  1. FIBERS OF PROTEIN

2. DNA MOLECULES

111
Q

CHROMOSOMES CONSIST OF DNA AND WHAT TYPE OF ‘PROTEINS’?

A

HISTONES

112
Q

THE NUCLEUS IS CONSIDERED TO BE THE _______ _______ FOR ‘ALL’ CELLULAR ACTIVITIES.

A

CONTROL CENTER

113
Q

HOW MANY CHROMOSOMES ARE THERE IN THE HUMAN BODY?

A

46 CHROMOSOMES

114
Q

HOW MANY PAIRS OF CHROMOSOMES ARE THERE IN THE HUMAN BODY?

A

23 PAIRS OF CHROMOSOMES

115
Q

THE ‘NUCLE-OLUS’ DOES WHAT 2 MAIN THINGS?

A
  1. SYNTHESIZES rRNA

2. STORES rRNA

116
Q

WHAT ORGANELLE ARE mRNA AND tRNA USED BY IN THE ‘CYTOPLASM’?

WHY DOES THIS OCCUR?

A

USED BY RIBOSOMES

OCCURS FOR THE ASSEMBLING OF PROTEINS

117
Q

WHAT HAPPENS TO ‘ALL’ OF THE COMPONENTS OF CHROMATIN ‘BEFORE’ CELL DIVISION?

A

BOTH DNA AND CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS ARE ‘DOUBLED’.

118
Q

MATURE RED BLOOD CELLS HAVE HOW MANY ‘NUCLEI’?

A

ZERO

119
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

ALL CELLS ONLY CONTAIN ONE NUCLEI.

A

FALSE

FEW SPECIALIZED CELLS CONTAIN MULTIPLE NUCLEI

120
Q

THERE ARE A FEW SPECIALIZED CELLS THAT CONTAIN MULTIPLE ‘NUCLEI’. WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF ONE OF THESE?

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS

121
Q

WHAT IS THE ‘ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)’ DEFINED AS?

A

AN ORGANELLE WITH SYSTEM OF INTERCONNECTED MEMBRANE-FORMING TUBULES.

122
Q

WHAT ARE ‘CISTERNAE’?

A

MEMBRANES THAT FORM ‘MINUTE TUBULES’

123
Q

HOW IS THE ‘ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM’ CHARACTERIZED?

A

NUMEROUS GRANULES (RIBOSOMES) THAT ARE ATTACHED TO MEMBRANOUS WALL

RIBOSOMES SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS TO BE SECRETED OUTSIDE CELL

124
Q

HOW IS THE ‘SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM’ CHARACTERIZED?

A

LACKS RIBOSOMES

125
Q

BOTH OF THE ‘ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM’ TYPES CONTAIN WHAT?

WHAT PROCESSES ARE THESE NECESSARY FOR?
*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM

A

ENZYMES

PROCESSES:

  1. CATABOLIC ACTIVITY
  2. ANABOLIC ACTIVITY
126
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF ‘SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM’ OR ‘AGRANULAR (ER)’?

(*THERE ARE 3 PROCESSES)

A

NO PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

INVOLVED IN:

  1. LIPID SYNTHESIS
  2. STEROID HORMONE SYNTHESIS
  3. DETOXIFICATION OF DRUGS
127
Q

WHERE IS THERE A ‘HIGH’ CONCENTRATION OF ‘SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM’?

A

LIVER

128
Q

WHAT TYPE OF CELLS HAVE AN ‘ABUNDANCE’ OF ‘ROUGH ER’?

A

SECRETORY CELLS

129
Q

WHAT TYPE OF CELLS HAVE AN ‘ABUNDANCE’ OF ‘SMOOTH ER’?

A

MUSCLE CELLS

130
Q

HOW DOES ‘DRUG TOLERANCE’ HAPPEN?

A

REPEATED DRUGE USE CAUSES ‘SMOOTH ER’ TO PROLIFERATE IN ORDER TO DETOXIFY DRUGS TO PROTECT CELL.

INCREASED AMOUNT OF ‘SMOOTH ER’ = INCREASED TOLERANCE TO DRUGS

131
Q

WHAT IS THE SITE FOR ‘PROTEIN SYNTHESIS’?

A

RIBOSOMES

132
Q

A SINGLE RIBOSOME CONSISTS OF WHAT?

A

‘LARGER’ 60s SUBUNIT
AND

‘SMALLER’ 40s SUBUNIT
(*s=SEDIMENTATION COEFFICIENT)

133
Q

WHAT IS THE ‘RNA’ OF A ‘RIBOSOME’ REFERRED TO AS?

A

(r-RNA)

RIBOSOMAL RNA

134
Q

IN ADDITION TO ‘PROTEIN SYNTEHSIS’, ‘RIBOSOMES’ HAVE ANOTHER FUNCTION THAT DEALS WITH THE ALIGNMENT OF WHAT?

A

ALIGNMENTS OF m-RNA AND t-RNA DURING ‘TRANSLATION’.

135
Q

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF ‘RIBOSOMES’. WHAT ARE THEY?

A
  1. MEMBRANE-BOUND RIBOSOMES

2. FREE RIBOSOMES

136
Q

(ER) ATTACHED RIBOSOMES ARE INVOLVED IN WHAT TYPE OF ‘PROTEIN SYNTHESIS’?

A

PROTEINS THAT ARE ‘EXCRETED’ FROM THE CELLS.

SECRETORY PROTEINS

137
Q

FREE RIBOSOMES ARE INVOLVED IN WHAT TYPE OF ‘PROTEIN SYNTHESIS’?

A

INTRACELLULAR ‘ENZYMES’ AND ‘STRUCTURAL ENZYMES’ THAT ARE USED ‘WITHIN’ THE CELLS

(CELL INTERNAL PROTEINS)

138
Q

PROTEINS THAT ARE SYNTHESIZED ON THE ‘ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM’ ARE TRANSPORTED WHERE?

A

GOLGI APPARATUS TO BE ‘PACKAGED’ INTO SECRETORY VESICLES.

139
Q

THE ‘GOLGI APPARATUS’ COMMUNICATES WITH THE ‘ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM’ VIA 2 WAYS. WHAT ARE THEY AND WHAT DOES IT USE?

A
  1. DIRECT COMMUNICATION W/ ER

2. INDIRECT COMMUNICATION W/ ER VIA VESICLES

140
Q

WHAT ARE THE MAIN PROCESSES OF THE ‘GOLGI APPARATUS’?

*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM

A
  1. STORE
  2. SORT
  3. PACKAGE

SECRETORY PRODUCTS

141
Q

HOW DOES THE ‘GOLGI APPARATUS’ MODIFY PROTEINS?

A

ADDS CARBOHYDRATES TO THEM

142
Q

WHERE ARE ‘LYSOSOMES’ PRODUCED?

A

IN THE ‘GOLGI APPARATUS’

143
Q

WHERE ARE ‘LIPIDS’ PACKAGED?

A

IN THE ‘GOLGI APPARATUS’

144
Q

WHERE ARE ‘STEROIDS’ SECRETED FROM?

A

FROM THE ‘GOLGI APPARATUS’

145
Q

THE ‘MITOCHONDRIA’ ARE CALLED THE WHAT OF THE CELL?

A

‘POWERHOUSE’ OF THE CELL

146
Q

‘MITOCHONDRIA’ CONSIST OF FOLDED MEMBRANOUS SACS WHICH CONTAIN _________.

THESE ARE USED FOR WHAT 2 PROCESSES?

A

ENZYMES

PROCESSES:

  1. KREBS CYCLE
  2. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
147
Q

HOW IS ENERGY FROM FOOD TRANSFORMED INTO USABLE ‘ATP’ IN THE MITOCHONDRIA?

(*2 PROCESSES)

A
  1. KREBS CYCLE

2. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

148
Q

‘MITOCHONDRIA’ OCCUR IN ALL BODY CELLS EXCEPT FOR 1. WHAT IS THE 1 CELL TYPE IS DOES NOT OCCUR IN?

A

MATURE RED BOOD CELLS (RBCs)

149
Q

WHAT IS ‘CRISTAE’ DEFINED AS?

A

FOLDS OF THE INNER MEMBRANE

FILLED WITH GEL THAT CONTAINS ENZYMES

150
Q

CELLS THAT ARE VERY ACTIVE (i.e., HEART MUSCLE CELLS) WILL HAVE MORE OF WHAT IN THE THE ‘MITOCHONDRIA’ THAN IN OTHER CELLS?

A

MORE ‘CRISTAE’

FOLDS OF INNER MEMBRANE

151
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

‘MITOCHONDRIA’ PRODUCE THE BULK OF CELLULAR ENERGY.

A

TRUE

‘MITROCHONDRIA’ PRODUCE THE BULK.

THEY ARE THE ‘POWERHOUSE’ OF CELLS

152
Q

CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS AND PROTEINS ARE BROUGHT INTO THE ‘CYTOPLASM’ AND BROKEN DOWN IN WHAT WAY?

A

BY ENZYMES

153
Q

IN THE MITOCHONDRIA, ‘CARBOHYDRATES’, ‘LIPIDS’, AND ‘PROTEINS’ ARE ‘OXIDIZED’ TO WHAT 2 THINGS?

WHAT IS ALSO RELEASED DURING THIS?

A
  1. CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)
  2. WATER (H2O)

ENERGY = (ATP) ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE

154
Q

WHAT IS CONSIDERED TO BE THE ‘UNIVERSAL’ ENERGY CURRENCY OF THE HUMAN BODY?

A

ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE)

155
Q

WHAT IS DEFINED AS ‘AEROBIC’ EXERCISE?

A

EXERCISE INVOLVING ‘LARGE MUSCLE GROUPS’.

EXERCISE PERFORMED FOR ‘LONG’ PERIODS OF TIME.

156
Q

WHAT IS DEFINED AS ‘ANAEROBIC’ EXERCISE?

A

EXERCISE OF ‘SHORT-DURATION’

HIGH INTENSITY LASTING MATTER OF SECONDS

157
Q

WHERE DOES ‘ANAEROBIC ENERGY’ COME FROM?

WHERE DOES THIS OCCUR?

A

VIA ‘GLYCOLYSIS’

OCCURS OUTSIDE THE MITOCHONDRIA IN THE CELLS ‘CYTOPLASM’

158
Q

WHAT TYPES OF DISEASES HAVE BEEN LINKED WITH ‘MITOCHONDRIAL DNA’?

A

AGING DISEASES

159
Q

‘LYSOSOMES’ ARE CONSIDERED TO BE WHAT TYPE OF ‘MEMBRANOUS SPHERES’?

A

SINGLE-MEMBRANOUS SPHERES

160
Q

WHAT ARE ‘LYSOSOMES’ STORAGE VESICLES FOR?

A

POWERFUL ‘HYDROLYTIC’ DIGESTIVE ENZYMES

161
Q

THE DIGESTIVE ENZYMES THAT ‘LYSOSOMES’ STORE ARE CALLED WHAT?

A

PROTEASES

162
Q

APPROXIMATELY HOW MANY ‘PROTEASES’ HAVE BEEN DERIVED FROM ‘LYSOSOMES’?

A

40+ PROTEASES

163
Q

WHERE ARE ‘LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES’ SYNTHESIZED?

A

ON RIBOSOMES

164
Q

‘LYSOSOME MEMBRANE’ IS IMPERMEABLE TO WHAT?

A

IMPERMEABLE TO THE OUTWARD MOVEMENT OF STORED ENZYMES

165
Q

‘LYSOSOME MEMBRANE’ IS RESISTANT TO WHAT?

A

ITS OWN DIGESTIVE ACTION

166
Q

WHAT ARE THE 4 FUNCTIONS OF THE ‘LYSOSOME’?

A
  1. TRANSPORT OF ENZYMES TO CELL MEMBRANE DURING ‘INTRA’CELLULAR DIGESTION’
  2. ‘INTER’CELLULAR DIGESTION (PHAGOCYTOSIS/PINOCYTOSIS)
  3. DESTRUCTION OF DAMAGED/WORN CELLS
  4. SELF-DESTRUCTION OF AGED CELL
167
Q

WHAT ORGANELLES ARE FREQUENTLY CALLED ‘SUICIDE PACKETS’?

A

LYSOSOMES

168
Q

WHAT OCCURS WITH ‘VITAMIN A’ INTOXICATION?

A

CAUSES ‘LYSOSOMAL’ MEMBRANES TO RUPTURE

DESTROYS INTRACELLULAR MATERIAL

169
Q

WHAT IS ‘RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS’?

A

PAIN THAT ACCOMPANIES RELEASE OF ENZYMES FROM ‘LYSOSOMES’ INTO JOINT CAPSULE AND THE DIGESTION OF SURROUNDING TISSUE.

170
Q

THE ‘ATROPHY’ OF THE ‘UTERUS’ AFTER A BABY IS BORN IS CAUSED BY WHAT?

A

LYSOSOMES DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY

171
Q

HOW MANY DIFFERENT CELL TYPES EXIST IN THE HUMAN BODY?

A

200-250

172
Q

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS ARE WHAT?

A

CHANGES OCCURING AWAY FROM A DESIRED VALUE ARE REVERSED SO THAT ACTIVITY IS TOWARD RESTORING ‘HOMEOSTASIS’

173
Q

THE GROWTH OF AN ORGAN OR TISSUE DUE TO AN INCREASE IN SIZE OF ITS CELLS IS REFFERED TO AS:

  1. ATROPHY
  2. HYPERPLASIA
  3. HYPERTROPHY
  4. DYSPLASIA
A
  1. HYPERTROPHY
174
Q

MOLECULES THAT ARE RELATIVELY LARGE CAN CROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE IF THEY ARE:

  1. PROTEINS
  2. CARBOHYDRATES
  3. PROTEIN SOLUBLE
  4. LIPID SOLUBLE
A
  1. LIPID SOLUBLE
175
Q

THE NUCLEOLUS:

  1. SYNTHESIZES AND STORES tRNA
  2. IS WHERE REPLICATION TAKES PLACE
  3. IS A REGION WITH MANY CHROMOSOMES
  4. SYNTHESIZES AND STORES rRNA
A
  1. SYNTHESIZES AND STORES rRNA
176
Q

THE NUCLEOLUS:

  1. SYNTHESIZES AND STORES tRNA
  2. IS WHERE REPLICATION TAKES PLACE
  3. IS A REGION WITH MANY CHROMOSOMES
  4. SYNTHESIZES AND STORES rRNA
A
  1. SYNTHESIZES AND STORES rRNA
177
Q

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM IS:

  1. INVOLVED IN LIPID AND STEROID PRODUCTION
  2. FOUND IN VERY FEW CELLS
  3. PRODUCES PROTEINS TO BE SECRETED
  4. NONE OF THE ABOVE
A
  1. INVOLVED IN LIPID AND STEROID PRODUCTION
178
Q

THE GOLGI:

  1. MODIFIES PROTEINS
  2. STORES, SORTS, AND PACKAGES PRODUCTS
  3. PRODUCES LYSOSOMES
  4. ALL OF THE ABOVE
A
  1. ALL OF THE ABOVE
179
Q

THE FOLDS OF THE INNER MEMBRANES OF MITOCHONDRIA ARE CALLED:

  1. CRISTAE
  2. POWER PRODUCTION MEMBRANES
  3. SACS
  4. NONE OF THE ABOVE
A
  1. CRISTAE
180
Q

EXCESSIVE CONSUMPTION OF WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING VITAMINS CAUSES LYSOSOMAL MEMBRANES TO RUPTURE?

  1. VITAMIN B12
  2. VITAMIN C
  3. VITAMIN A
  4. VITAMIN B6
A
  1. VITAMIN A
181
Q

WHAT ARE THE NORMAL LEVELS OF BLOOD GLUCOSE?

  1. 75 to 120 mg%
  2. 150 to 250 mg%
  3. 35 to 55 mg%
  4. 375 to 475 mg%
A
  1. 75 to 120 mg%
182
Q

WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF ‘OSMOSIS’ IN THE HUMAN BODY?

A

KIDNEY DIALYSIS (FILTRATION)

TRANSPORT OF WATER IN/OUT OF ‘RED BLOOD CELLS’.

PD BIO 305 (19 decks)

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