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PD BIO 305 > Digestion 2 > Flashcards

Digestion 2 Flashcards

2
Q

The largest ‘gland’ of the body is the ______ weighing in at about __ pounds.

A
  1. Liver

2. 3 pounds

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3
Q

The liver is composed of lobules that contain what type of cells? What do these cells produce?

A
  1. Hepatocytes

2. Bile

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4
Q

What is the purpose of bile. How does it work?

A

Necessary for emulsification/digestion of fats

Increases surface area of fats

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5
Q

There are 8 functions of the LIVER. What are they?

A
  1. Bile production
  2. Storage of iron/copper
  3. Storage of glucose
  4. Synthesis/Storage/Release of Vitamins
  5. Synthesis of fibrinogen/prothrombin used in clotting
  6. Phagocytosis of foreign object in blood
  7. Detoxification of substances in blood
  8. Plasma protein synthesis
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6
Q

What 3 common proteins are synthesized in the liver?

A
  1. Albumin
  2. Fibrinogen
  3. Angiotensinogen
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7
Q

What are the characteristics of ‘Cirrhosis’. What may cause this disease?

A

Normal liver epithelium is replaced by connective tissue causing blockage of sinusoids

Alcohol/Malnutrition may cause cirrhosis

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of ‘Hepatitis’?

A

Inflammation of the liver caused by viruses, protozoa and bacteria.

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9
Q

There are two types of Hepatitis. What are they?

A
  1. Hepatitis Infectious (A)

2. Hepatitis Serum (B)

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of ‘Jaundice’? What causes this disease?

A

Yellowish coloration of the skin and mucous membranes.

Caused by excessive accumulation of free or conjugated ‘BILIRUBIN’.

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11
Q

What are some of the functions and characteristics of the gallbladder?

A

Sac-like organ attached to common bile duct that sits under the liver.

Stores/Concentrates and releases bile.

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12
Q

How much bile does the ‘liver’ secrete a day?

A

600-1000 bile ml/day

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13
Q

How much bile can the ‘gallbladder’ store? How concentrated is the bile stored here compared to that of the liver?

A
  1. Storage = 30-70 ml

2. Up to 20 times more concentrated than bile from liver

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14
Q

How is bile regulated? (There are 3 steps)

A
  1. Fat/Partially digested proteins in S.I. (small intestine) tract causes release of CCK (cholecystokinin)
  2. Rhythmical contraction of the gallbladder
  3. Peristaltic waves of duodenum relax sphincter of ampulla (*Vagal stimluation)
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15
Q

Where is ‘cholecystokinin’ (CCK) released from?

A

Intestinal mucosa

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16
Q

How are gallstones formed?

A

Precipitation of substances contained in bile (cholesterol/bilirubin)

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17
Q

What are the two major substances contained in bile?

A

Cholesterol

Bilirubin

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18
Q

There are 3 factors which cause cholesterol to become hyperconcentrated in the bile which causes gallstones. What are the 3 factors?

A
  1. Stasis of bile (too much absorption of water)
  2. High levels of cholesterol in blood
  3. Inflammation of the gallbladder
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19
Q

Gallstones occur in about __% of the population.

A

20%

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20
Q

There are 4 factors that cause gallstones to be more common in the people, what are the 4 factors?

A
  1. Obesity
  2. Middle-aged
  3. Diabetes
  4. Female
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21
Q

What will happen is gallstones move into the bile duct?

A

Block flow of bile into the small intestines

Bile pigments become present in high concentration in the liver/other body fluids and tissues.

Jaundice occurs

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22
Q

What is the major mixed gland (endocrine/exocrine) of the body?

A

Pancreas

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23
Q

What are some characteristics and functions of the pancreas

A

Attached to the duodenum

Endocrine function of insulin and glucagon secretion into blood.

Exocrine function of digestive enzymes into the S.I. in response to presence of chyme in upper portion of the S.I.

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24
Q

The pancreas secretes 4 digestive enzymes. What are they?

A
  1. Amylase
  2. Lipase
  3. Peptidase
    Trypsin
    Chymotrypsin
    Carboxypeptidase
  4. Bicarbonate
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24
Q

What is the function of ‘amylase’?

A

Hydrolyzes starch and glycogen into disaccharides

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25
Q

What is the function of ‘lipase’?

A

Converts fats into fatty acids and monoglycerols

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26
Q

What is the function of ‘peptidases/proteolytic enzymes’?

Trypsin/Chymotripsin/Carboxypeptidase

A

Convert proteins or partially digested proteins into amino acids

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27
Q

What is the functions of ‘bicarbonate’? (There are two of them)

A

Neutralizes acid in the stomach

Provides environment for pancreatic enzymes to function

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28
Q

What is ‘Acute Pancreatitis’?

A

Damaged pancreas that builds a pool of secretions in damaged areas

Trypsin inhibitor is overwhelmed and secretions WILL digest the entire pancreas in a few hours

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29
Q

In ‘Gastro-Intestinal Tract Regulation’, there are 2 controls that regulate gastric secretion. What are the 2 controls?

A
  1. Nervous Control

2. Hormonal Control

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30
Q

In ‘Nervous Control’ regulation of gastric secretion, there is one factor that regulates secretion. What is it and what three things does it cause to happen?

A

Increased parasympathetic activity (vagus nerve)

  1. Increased gastric juice secretion
  2. Increased contraction (Peristalsis/Segmentation)
  3. Increased release of gastrin (hormone)
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31
Q

Where is gastrin released?

A

From the ‘G cells’ (enteroendocrine cells) from the walls of the stomach

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32
Q

What are the 4 factors that will stimulate secretion of gastrin from the ‘Hormonal Control’ system in G.I. tract regulation?

A
  1. Food entering the stomach
  2. Partially digested proteins
  3. Alcohol/Caffeine
  4. Histamine/Calcium
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33
Q

Gastrin causes 2 bodily functions to increase. What are they?

A
  1. Increased gastric juice secretion

2. Increased peristalsis

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34
Q

What are the two hormones that help regulate pancreatic secretions?

A
  1. Secretin

2. CCK (Cholecystokinin)

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35
Q

What are some of the characteristics of the ‘Secretin’ hormone? (There are 5 of them)

A
  1. Secreted from ‘S’ cells when pH drops in duodenum
  2. Travels in blood to pancreas. Pancreas causes secretion of pancreatic juice rich in ‘BICARBONATE’
  3. Bicarbonate neutralizes the acid.
  4. This process prevents formation of ulcers in the S.I.
  5. Also increases contraction of the pyloric sphincter
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36
Q

What are some of the characteristics of the ‘Cholecystiokinin (CCK)’ hormone? (

A
  1. Released from ‘I’ cells in the duodenal/upper jejunal mucosa when proteins/fats/fatty acids enter the S.I.
  2. Stimulate secretion of pancreatic juice rich in ‘ENZYMES’ for digestion.
  3. Stimulates contraction of the gallbladder/release of bile to aid digestion of lipids
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37
Q

What are the effects of ‘Acetylcholine’ (ACh) on the regulation of pancreatic secretions? (There are 2 of them)

A
  1. Released from parasympathetic system

2. Stimulates pancreatic secretion

38
Q

What is ‘anabolism’?

A

Construction of complex molecules from simple building blocks (Amino acids to Complex protein)

Biosynthesis of proteins

*Anabolic steroids

39
Q

What is ‘catabolism’?

A

Breaking ‘down’ process

Glucose is broken down to yield energy and waste products.

39
Q

What is the definition of ‘digestion’?

A

Consumed food is broken down into small pieces to be absorbed into the blood stream

39
Q

There are 3 main types that food can be broken down into?

A
  1. Proteins (Amino Acids a.a.)
  2. Fats (Fatty Acids & Glycerol)
  3. Carbohydrates (Monosaccharides\Glucose)
39
Q

True or False:

All three classes of nutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) can be used to provide cellular energy and generally CAN be interconverted.

A

TRUE

They CAN be interconverted

39
Q

What will happen is a person does not eat hardly any fat? How will their body create cellular energy?

A

The body will make fat from carboyhydrates and protein and use that to provide cellular energy

39
Q

These 3 type of nutrients cannot be formed or interconverted, they must be ingested. What are they?

A
  1. Essential amino acids
  2. Vitamins
  3. Minerals
39
Q

There are only 3 major sources of carbohydrates that exist in the normal diet. What are they?

A
  1. Sucrose (Cane Sugar)
  2. Lactose (Milk Sugar)
  3. Starches (Large Polysaccharides)
39
Q

___________ are the body’s major source of energy.

A

Carbohydrates

39
Q

When carbohydrates get low, what does the body use as secondary or supplementary fuel?

A

Fats and Proteins

39
Q

Nervous tissue can only utilize what as an energy source.

A

Glucose

39
Q

What is the process of taking a fat to the final product in the digestive system? What is the final product?

A

Fat w/ Bile = Fat Globules

Fat Globules w/ Lipase = Glycerol and fatty acids

39
Q

When proteins are digested they form amino acids. How is this process performed?

A

Proteins -> Polypeptides -> Small polypeptides and amino acids -> Amino acids

39
Q

Absorption of food materials from the gut into the body occurs via 2 methods of transport. What are the two methods?

A
  1. Active Transport

2. Diffusion

39
Q

True or False

ALL electrolytes are easily absorbed and do not require active transport.

A

FALSE:

Some electrolytes REQUIRE Active Transport

39
Q

What hormone will greatly increase the rate of transport of glucose into most cells?

A

Insulin

39
Q

True or False

After transport into the cells, glucose can be used IMMEDIATELY for the release of energy to cells or be stored in the form of glycogen.

A

TRUE

Can be used immediately
Can be stored as glycogen

39
Q

What is the process of making glycogen from glucose?

A

Glycogenesis

39
Q

What is the process of breaking down glycogen to glucose?

A

Glycogenolysis

39
Q

When the body breaks down one molecule of glucose, what does it turn into? (3 Things)

A
  1. Carbon Dioxide
  2. Water
  3. Energy (ATP)
39
Q

What are the two main processes in making energy (ATP)?

A
  1. Glycolysis

2. Cell Respiration

39
Q

Cell Respiration is broken down into 3 sub-processes. What are the 3 sub-processes?

A
  1. Pyruvate Decarboxylation
  2. Krebs Cycle
  3. Electron Transport Chain
39
Q

What is ‘glycolosis’?

A

Splitting of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.

39
Q

How much ATP is formed from ‘glycolysis’?

A

2 ATP

39
Q

If not enough oxygen is available, what happens to cell respiration?

A

Cannot go beyond glycolysis

39
Q

True or False:

Under ‘anaerobic’ conditions, cell respiration can occur and more then 2 ATP’s are formed.

A

FALSE:

Under ‘anaerobic’ conditions, cell respiration CANNOT occur.

Only 2 ATP’s are then formed.

39
Q

What is the ‘net result’ of the ‘Krebs Cycle’ for each molecule of glucose?

A

Release of 16 Hydrogen atoms

Production of only 2 ATP

39
Q

What is the ‘net result’ of the ‘Electron Transport Chain’ for each molecule of glucose?

A

32 ATP

39
Q

What is the total amount of ATP produced in Glucose Catabolism? (Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain)?

A

36 ATP

39
Q

There is a __% efficiency of energy transferred and stored as ATP. The remaining __% is released as heat and not used for cellular function.

A
  1. 66% Efficiency of Energy

2. 34% Released as Heat (Unused)

39
Q

What percentage of the calories in our diet are derived from fats?

A

40-45%

39
Q

What is the average percentage of carbohydrates that are converted into fatty acids and stored for energy usage later?

A

20-50%

39
Q

True or False

Proteins (amino acids) cannot be converted into acetyl CoA.

A

FALSE:

Proteins CAN be converted into Acetyl CoA

(*Only if needed)

39
Q

How much saliva is each of the three salivary glands responsible for secreting?

A

Paratid: 20%
Submandibular: 60%
Sublingual: 20%

40
Q

True or false: All three sets of salivary glands produce mucous.

A

FALSE! All three sets produce serous fluid enzyme, but on the submandibular and sublingual produce mucous.

41
Q

Where are the parotid glands located?

A

In front of the ear between the skin and masseter muscle

42
Q

Where are the submandibular glands located?

A

Midway along the inner side of the jaw

43
Q

Where is the sublingual gland located?

A

Under the mucosa in the floor of the mouth

44
Q

There is a sphincter on each end of the stomach. One is highly developed and the other is not. Which is not very well developed and thus doesn’t regulate effectively?

A

The lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter) is not well developed, whereas the pyloric sphincter is very highly developed.

45
Q

What is a hiatal hernia?

A

the protrusion (herniation) of the upper part of the stomach through the diaphragm and into the thorax

46
Q

What is the pH of gastric juice?
Urine?
Sweat?

A

Gastric Juice- 1.9-2.6
Urine- 5.7
Sweat- 4- 6.8

47
Q

What is the pH of Saliva?
Breast milk?
Pancreatic juice?

A

Saliva- 6.4
Breast Milk- 7
Pancreatic Juice- 7.9

48
Q

What takes place during pyruvate decarboxylation?

A

The two pyruvic acid molecules are converted into two molecules of acetyl coenyzme A

49
Q

Protein in first chemically broken down in what?

A

STOMACH

50
Q

Which of the following is absorbed in the stomach?

  1. Protein
  2. Fats
  3. Sugar
  4. Aspirin
A
  1. ASPIRIN
51
Q

Mumps is what?

A

A viral disease of the parotid ‘salivary’ glands

52
Q

What is the pH of ‘INTESTINAL JUICE’?

A

pH = 7.6

53
Q

Which of the following is NOT released by the pancreas?

  1. Trypsin
  2. Amylase
  3. Pepsin
  4. Carboxypeptidase
A
  1. PEPSIN
54
Q

Gastrin is released by the ___________ cells in the stomach.

A

G CELLS

55
Q

Secretin is released by the _________ and acts on the _________.

A
  1. SMALL INTESTINE

2. PANCREAS

56
Q

Glycogenolysis is what?

A

Breaking down GLYCOGEN to GLUCOSE.

57
Q

The process of converting two pyruvic acid molecules into 2 molecules of acetyl CoA is known as what?

A

PYRUVATE DECARBOXYLATION

58
Q

Which hormone is utilized when blood glucose levels DROP?

A

GLUCAGON

PD BIO 305 (19 decks)

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