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PD BIO 305 > Cellular Chemistry > Flashcards

Cellular Chemistry Flashcards

2
Q

OF THE ‘109 ELEMENTS’, HOW MANY ARE FOUND IN ‘HUMAN TISSUES’?

A

26 ELEMENTS IN ‘HUMAN TISSUES’

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3
Q

99% OF THE MASS OF THE BODY IS COMPOSED OF WHAT SIX ELEMENTS?

WHAT ARE THEIR PERCENTAGES?

A 
OXYGEN - 65%
CARBON - 18.6%
HYDROGEN - 9.6%
NITROGEN - 3.2%
PHOSPHORUS - 1%
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4
Q

CERTAIN STRUCTURES MAY CONTAIN MORE ELEMENTS THAN OTHERS IN THE BODY. WHAT ARE TWO EXAMPLES OF THIS?

A
  1. TEETH/BONE = CALCIUM

2. THYROID GLAND = IODINE

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5
Q

WHAT IS THE ‘SMALLEST’ PORTION OF AN ELEMENT THAT STILL RETAINS CHARACTERISTICS OF THAT ELEMENT?

A

ATOM

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6
Q

ATOMS ARE MADE FROM WHAT 3 BASIC CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS?

A
  1. PROTONS
  2. NEUTRONS
  3. ELECTRONS
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7
Q

THE ‘NUCLEUS’ OF AN ATOM CONTAINS WHAT TWO THINGS?

A
  1. PROTONS

2. NEUTRONS

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8
Q

WHAT IS SAID TO ‘ORBIT’ THE ‘NUCLEUS’ OF AN ATOM?

A

ELECTRONS

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9
Q

WHAT KIND OF ‘CHARGE’ DO ‘ELECTRONS’ HAVE?

A

NEGATIVE

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10
Q

WHAT KIND OF ‘CHARGE’ DO ‘PROTONS’ HAVE?

A

POSITIVE

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11
Q

WHAT KIND OF ‘CHARGE’ DO ‘NEUTRONS’ HAVE?

A

NONE

*HINT - NEUTR-AL

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12
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

ELECTRONS HAVE A VERY ‘LARGE’ MASS.

A

FALSE

ELECTRONS HAVE A VERY ‘SMALL’ MASS

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13
Q

THE NUMBER OF ‘PROTONS’ IN AN ATOM IS CALLED WHAT?

A

‘THE ATOMIC NUMBER’

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14
Q

HOW DO ELEMENTS DIFFERENTIATE THEMSELVES?

A

DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ‘PROTONS’

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15
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

ALL ATOMS THAT HAVE 6 PROTONS ARE ‘CARBON’ ATOMS.

A

TRUE

PROTONS CHARACTERIZE AN ATOM

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16
Q

THE ‘CHEMICAL PROPERTIES’ OF AN ATOM ARE DEPENDENT ON WHAT?

A

ELECTRONS IN THE ‘OUTER’ ORBIT

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17
Q

AN ELEMENT IS CONSIDERED TO BE ‘STABLE’ IF WHAT HAPPENS?

A

THE ‘OUTER-SHELL’ IS FILLED WITH ELECTRONS

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18
Q

ATOMS CONTAIN ‘ORBITALS’. THESE ‘ORBITALS’ CAN BE COMPARED TO AN ‘ONION’. HOW DOES THIS COMPARISON WORK?

A

ONIONS HAVE LAYERS

ATOMS HAVE LAYERS/ORBITALS

THESE ORBITALS CAN ONLY BE FILLED WITH A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF ELECTRONS.

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19
Q

HOW MANY ‘ELECTRONS’ CAN BE HELD IN THE ‘S’ ORBITAL?

A

2 ELECTRONS

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20
Q

HOW MANY ‘ELECTRONS’ CAN BE HELD IN THE ‘P’ ORBITAL?

A

6 ELECTRONS

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21
Q

HOW MANY ELECTRONS CAN BE HELD IN THE ‘D’ ORBITAL?

A

10 ELECTRONS

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22
Q

THE ‘SMALLEST’ PART OF AN ELEMENT/COMPOUND THAT CAN EXIST ALONE OR IN A ‘FREE STATE’ IS KNOWN AS WHAT?

A

A MOLECULE

O2 = MOLECULE OF OXYGEN

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23
Q

THE ‘SMALLEST PART’ OF AN ELEMENT THAT CAN ENTER INTO A CHEMICAL REACTION IS KNOWN AS WHAT?

A

AN ATOM

O = ATOM OF OXYGEN

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24
Q

WHAT IS ‘MOLECULAR WEIGHT’ DEFINED AS?

A

SUM OF ALL THE ‘ATOMIC WEIGHTS’ OF EACH COMPONENT OF THE MOLECULE.

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25
Q

WHAT IS ‘COVALENT BONDING’?

A

SHARING OF ELECTRONS CREATES BOND

*CS = COVALENT SHARING

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26
Q

WHAT IS ‘IONIC BONDING’?

A

TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS CREATES BOND

*IT = IONIC TRANSFERS

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27
Q

WHAT IS RELEASED FROM THE ‘OXIDATION’ (LOSS OF ELECTRONS) IN CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, AND PROTEINS?

(*2 THINGS)

A
  1. HEAT

2. ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE)

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28
Q

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN AN ‘IONIC’ BONDED MOLECULE IS PLACED IN WATER?

WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT IN THE HUMAN BODY?

A

‘IONIC’ BOND IS BROKEN IN WATER TO FORM IONS.

IMPORTANT IN ‘HUMAN BODY’ FOR BIOELECTRICAL EVENTS.

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29
Q

THE ‘MAKING/BREAKING’ OF BONDS IS CATALYZED BY WHAT?

WHERE IS THIS REGULATED?

A

ENZYMATIC ACTION

HIGHLY REGULATED BY THE CELL

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30
Q

ELECTROSTATIC INTERACTION BETWEEN A ‘SMALL’, HIGHLY ELECTRONEGATIVE ATOM AND A HYDROGEN ATOM IS CALLED WHAT?

A

HYDROGEN BONDING

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31
Q

COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ‘CARBON’ ARE KNOWN AS THIS TYPE OF COMPOUND.

A

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

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32
Q

WHAT PERCENTAGE OF LIVING MATERIAL IS COMPOSED OF WATER?

A

60-90%

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33
Q

THIS MOLECULE CONTAINS ‘CARBON’ AND IS IMPORTANT IN THE HUMAN BODY BUT IS ‘NOT’ CONSIDERED ORGANIC. WHAT IS THE MOLECULE?

A

CO2 (CARBON DIOXIDE)

CONSIDERED TO BE ‘INORGANIC’

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34
Q

WHAT ARE SOME OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ‘CARBON’?

*THERE ARE 5 OF THEM

A
  1. 4 ELECTRONS IN OUTER SHELL
  2. MAKES FOUR COVALENT BONDS
  3. PRESENT IN MANY COMPOUNDS
  4. ONLY ‘H’ IS FOUND MORE OFTEN
  5. BONDS TO MANY ELEMENTS
    (MOST COMMONLY BONDED TO (H,O,N AND MORE C) *HONC
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35
Q

IN THE ‘HUMAN BODY’ THERE ARE 4 MAJOR CLASSES OF ‘ORGANIC COMPOUNDS’. WHAT ARE THEY?

A
  1. NUCLEIC ACIDS
  2. PROTEINS
  3. CARBOHYDRATES
  4. LIPIDS
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36
Q

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF ‘NUCLEIC ACIDS’?

*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM

A
  1. STORAGE OF GENETIC CODE
  2. TRANSMISSION OF GENETIC CODE
  3. EXPRESSION OF GENETIC CODE
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37
Q

WHAT ARE 2 EXAMPLES OF ‘NUCLEIC ACIDS’?

A
  1. DNA

2. RNA

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38
Q

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF ‘PROTEINS’?

*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM

A
  1. CELLULAR STRUCTURE

2. PROMOTE/REGULATE BODY ACTIVITIES

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39
Q

WHAT ARE 5 EXAMPLES OF ‘PROTEINS’ IN THE HUMAN BODY?

A
  1. NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS
  2. MACROMOLECULES
  3. FIBERS
  4. ENZYMES
  5. HORMONES
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40
Q

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF ‘CARBOHYDRATES’?

*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM

A
  1. CELLULAR FUEL
  2. STORAGE OF ENERGY
  3. COMPONENT OF OTHER SUBSTANCES
    (NUCLEIC ACIDS/MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES)
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41
Q

WHAT ARE 2 EXAMPLES OF ‘CARBOHYDRATES’?

A
  1. STARCHES

2. SUGARS

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42
Q

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF ‘LIPIDS’?

*THERE ARE 5 OF THEM

A
  1. STORAGE OF ENERGY
  2. INSULATION
  3. STRUCTURAL SUPPORT
  4. COMPONENT OF CELL MEMBRANES
  5. PROMOTE BODY ACTIVITIES
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43
Q

WHAT ARE 3 EXAMPLES OF ‘LIPIDS’?

A
  1. NEUTRAL FATS
  2. PHOSPHOLIPIDS
  3. STEROIDS
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44
Q

A MOLECULE COMPOSED OF ‘NUCLEOTIDES’, A ‘NITROGEN-BASE’, AND A ‘PHOSPHATE GROUP’ IS CONSIDERED TO BE WHAT?

A

NUCLEIC ACID

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45
Q

NUCLEIC ACIDS ARE COMPOSED OF WHAT 3 THINGS?

A
  1. NUCLEOTIDES
  2. NITROGEN-CONTAINING BASE
  3. PHOSPHATE
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46
Q

THESE LINKAGES ARE WHAT CREATE A CHAIN OF NUCLEOTIDES.

A

PHOSPHODIESTER LINKAGES

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47
Q

WHAT ARE THE 5 ELEMENTS THAT COMPOSE A ‘NUCLEOTIDE’?

A
  1. CARBON
  2. HYDROGEN
  3. OXYGEN
  4. NITROGEN
  5. PHOSPHORUS
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48
Q

WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPE OF ‘NUCLEOTIDE’ RING COMPOUNDS?

A
  1. PURINES

2. PYRIMIDINES

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49
Q

WHAT STRUCTURES ARE CONSIDERED TO BE ‘PURINE’?

A
  1. GUANINE
  2. ADENINE

(*HINT - (G)ENERAL (A)UTHORITIES ARE PURE)

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50
Q

WHAT STRUCTURES ARE CONSIDERED TO BE ‘PYRIMIDINE’?

A
  1. CYTOSINE
  2. THYMINE
  3. URACIL

(*HINT - CTU FROM 24)

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51
Q

WHAT STRUCTURE ARE NUCLEIC ACIDS OF ‘DNA’ ORGANIZED INTO?

A

DOUBLE HELIX

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52
Q

THE BACKBONE OF ‘DNA’ IS COMPOSED OF 2 THINGS. WHAT ARE THE 2 THINGS?

A
  1. SUGAR

2. PHOSPHATE GROUP

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53
Q

IN ‘DNA’ BASE PAIRING. HOW ARE MOLECULES CONNECTED?

A

C-G (CYTOSINE to GUANINE)

A-T (ADENINE to THYMINE)

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54
Q

WHAT DOES ‘URACIL’ TAKE THE PLACE OF IN ‘RNA’?

A

THYMINE (LEFT OUT)

URACIL (TAKES PLACE)

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55
Q

THESE SERVE AS THE ‘BLUEPRINTS’ OF THE CELL.

A

NUCLEIC ACIDS

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56
Q

IN ‘RNA’ URACIL BINDS WITH WHAT MOLECULE?

A

URACIL + ADENINE

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57
Q

HOW MANY TYPES OF DNA ARE THERE?

TYPES OF RNA?

A
  1. DNA = ONE TYPE

2. RNA = mRNA / tRNA / rRNA

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58
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF ‘mRNA’?

A

‘MESSENGER RNA’ ACTS AS:

‘TEMPLATE PROTEIN’ FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

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59
Q

WHERE IS ‘mRNA’ (MESSENGER RNA) TRANSCRIBED?

A

IN THE NUCLEUS

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60
Q

WHAT DOES ‘CAPPING’ OF THE 5-METHYL-GUANOSINE CAP DO FOR mRNA?

(*TWO THINGS)

A
  1. HELPS THE ‘RIBOSOME’ BIND TO THE mRNA

2. FACILITATES PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

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61
Q

WHAT DOES ADDING A LONG ‘POLYADENELATED TAIL’ (POLY-A TAIL) DO FOR mRNA?

A

HELPS PROTECT THE STRAND OF mRNA FROM ‘DIGESTIVE ENZYMES’ WHILE IT IS IN THE ‘CYTOPLASM’.

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62
Q

WHAT 2 THINGS DO MESSENGER RNA HAVE ‘mRNA’ THAT HELP IT DURING TRANSCRIPTION?

A
  1. 5-METHYL-GUANOSINE CAP (BINDING)

2. POLYADENELATED TAIL (DIGESTION)

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63
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF ‘tRNA’?

*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM

A
  1. CARRIES AMINO ACIDS (CYTOPLASM TO RIBISOMES)

2. ACTS AS TRANSLATION MOLECULE

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64
Q

WHICH ‘RNA’ RECOGNIZES THE SEQUENCE OF ‘mRNA’?

HOW DOES THIS WORK?

A

TRANSFER RNA (tRNA)

WORKS VIA ‘ANTICODON’ THAT IS 3 NUCLEOTIDES LONG.

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65
Q

WHAT IS THE MAIN CHARACTERISTIC OF ‘tRNA’?

A

‘TRANSLATION’

NUCLEOTIDE -> AMINO/ACID PROTEIN
LANGUAGE) (LANGUAGE

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66
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF ‘rRNA’?

A

FORMS PART OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE ‘RIBOSOMES’

HELPS BUILD RIBOSOMES

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67
Q

WHERE IS ‘rRNA’ (RIBOSOMAL RNA) MADE?

A

MADE IN ‘NUCLEO-LUS’

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68
Q

A ‘RIBOSOME’ CONSISTS OF 2 THINGS. WHAT ARE THE PERCENTAGES?

A
  1. rRNA = 60%

2. PROTEIN = 40%

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69
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

ENZYMES REGULATE ‘ALL’ CHEMICAL REACTIONS

A

TRUE

ENZYMES REGULATE ‘ALL’ CHEMICAL REACTIONS

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70
Q

WHAT IS THE ‘FLOW’ DURING ‘PROTEIN SYNTHESIS’?

A

DNA NUCLEUS -> mRNA = ‘TRANSCRIPTION’

mRNA -> PROTEIN (RIBOSOME) = ‘TRANSLATION’

(*HAVE TO ‘TRANSCRIBE’ SOMETHING BEFORE YOU CAN ‘TRANSLATE’ IT)

71
Q

WHAT OCCURS FIRST IN ‘PROTEIN SYNTHESIS’?

‘TRANSLATION’ OR ‘TRANSCRIPTION’?

A

‘TRANSCRIPTION’ = 1st

*HAVE TO ‘TRANSCRIBE’ SOMETHING BEFORE YOU CAN ‘TRANSLATE’ IT

72
Q

‘PROTEIN SYNTHESIS’ DEPENDS ON 4 MAJOR MOLECULES. WHAT ARE THE MOLECULES?

A
  1. DNA
  2. mRNA
  3. tRNA
  4. rRNA
73
Q

‘TRANSCRIPTION’ IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IS DEFINED AS WHAT?

A

PROCESS IN WHICH GENETIC INFORMATION FROM ‘DNA’ IS TRANSFERRED INTO ‘RNA’ IN THE ‘NUCLEUS’

74
Q

WHEN ‘RNA’ IS MODIFIED AND UNNECESSARY INFORMATION IS REMOVED. WHAT IS THE ‘NEW’ MOLECULE CALLED?

A

‘mRNA’ (MESSENGER RNA)

75
Q

Where is mRNA transported to?

A

CYTOPLASM

76
Q

How is ‘mRNA’ translated?

A

VIA ‘RIBOSOMES’ and ‘tRNA’ WHICH MAKES A ‘FUNCTIONAL PROTEIN’

77
Q

What determines the function of a ‘PROTEIN’?

A

‘SHAPE’ determines ‘FUNCTION’

78
Q

What are the 3 enzymes involved in ‘DNA’ ‘TRANSCRIPTION’?

A
  1. HELICASE (UNZIPS DNA)
  2. TOPOISOMERASE (KEEPS DNA UNCOILED)
  3. SINGLE STRANDED BINDING PROTEINS (SSBP’S) (KEEPS DNA UNCOILED)
79
Q

The strand of ‘DNA’ that is used as the template is known was what?

A

TEMPLATE / ANTISENSE STRAND

80
Q

The strand of ‘DNA’ that is ‘NOT’ used for transcription is called what?

A

SENSE STRAND

81
Q

How does ‘RNA POLYMERASE’ bind?

A

3’ -> 5’

READS DNA STRAND ONE NUCLEOTIDE AT A TIME

82
Q

How does ‘RNA’ cause ‘RNA’ to be different from ‘DNA’?

A

ADDS ‘URACIL’ NUCLEOTIDE INSTEAD OF A ‘THYMINE’.

83
Q

AFTER TRANSCRIPTION, WHERE DOES THE NEW ‘mRNA’ MOLECULE ‘LEAVE’ AND WHERE DOES IT ‘ENTER’?

A

LEAVES ‘NUCLEUS’

ENTERS CYTOPLASM TO BE ‘TRANSLATED’

84
Q

BY CONVENTION, HOW ARE ‘NUCLEOTIDES’ WRITTEN?

A

5’ -> 3’ DIRECTION (RNA)

3’ -> 5’ DIRECTION (DNA)

85
Q

HOW MANY ‘AMINO ACIDS’ ARE FOUND ON THE ‘HUMAN BODY’?

A

20 AMINO ACIDS

86
Q

WHAT DOES A ‘CODON’ CONSIST OF?

A

3 NUCLEOTIDES

87
Q

EACH CODON (SET OF 3 NUCLEOTIDES) REFERS TO WHAT?

A

A SPECIFIC AMINO ACID

88
Q

WHAT IS THE ‘INITIATOR’ OR ‘START’ CODON?

A

AUG

‘ADENINE-URACIL-GUANINE’

89
Q

WHAT DOES THE ‘tRNA’ MOLECULE DO?

A

‘TRANSLATION MOLECULE’

NUCLEOTIDE LANGUAGE -> AMINO ACID LANGUAGE

90
Q

WHAT IS ‘mRNA’ BOUND TO IN THE ‘CYTOPLASM’?

A

RIBOSOMES

91
Q

A LARGE NUMBER OF CONNECTED ‘AMINO ACIDS’ IS ALSO CALLED WHAT?

A

POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN

92
Q

Long chains of ‘AMINO ACIDS’ are also referred to as what?

A

PROTEINS

93
Q

The ‘WHOLE’ character of the ‘PROTEIN’ is determined by what?

A

ORDER OF THE ‘AMINO ACIDS’

94
Q

HOW ARE ‘AMINO ACIDS’ BOUND TOGETHER IN LONG CHAINS?

HOW DOES THIS HAPPEN?

A

‘PEPTIDE BONDS’

HAPPENS VIA ‘DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS’

95
Q

‘PROTEINS’ can differ from each other in 3 ways. What are the 3 ways?

A
  1. NUMBER OF AMINO ACIDS
  2. SEQUENCE OF AMINO ACIDS
  3. TYPE OF AMINO ACIDS
96
Q

WHAT MOLECULES ARE SAID TO HAVE A ‘WIDER VARIETY’ OF FUNCTIONS THAN ANY OTHER TYPE OF MOLECULE IN THE BODY?

A

‘PROTEINS’

97
Q

MOST ‘ENZYMES’ ARE ALSO CONSIDERED TO BE WHAT?

A

‘PROTEINS’

98
Q

What are the 8 more common functions of ‘PROTEINS’?

A
  1. FORM ENZYMES
  2. FORM MOST HORMONES
  3. COMPRISE ‘ALL’ ANTIBODIES
  4. SERVE AS RECEPTOR SITES
  5. CARRIER MOLECULES IN ACTIVE TRANSPORT
  6. REGULATE CONCENTRATION OF OSMOTIC SOLUTIONS
  7. PROVIDE TENSILE STRENGTH
  8. IMPORTANT BUFFER SYSTEM
99
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

PROTEINS CANNOT BE METABOLIZED TO SUPPLY CELLULAR ENERGY

A

FALSE

PROTEINS ‘CAN’ SUPPLY CELLULAR ENERGY

(*HAPPENS VIA ‘MUSCLE CATABOLISM’ UNDER CERTAIN STRENUOUS CONDITIONS)

100
Q

What are ‘CHROMOSOMES’ defined as?

*THERE ARE 2 OF POINTS

A
  1. COMPOSED OF ‘DNA’
  2. CARRY HEREDITARY INFORMATION

(MANY GENES PUT TOGETHER)

101
Q

What are ‘CHROMATIDS’ defined as?

*THERE ARE 2 POINTS

A
  1. COPY OF ‘CHROMOSOME’

2. JOINED BY A ‘CENTROMERE’ TO ANOTHER ‘CHROMATID’

102
Q

What are the characteristics of a ‘GENE’?

*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM

A
  1. REGION OF ‘DNA’ THAT CODES FOR SPECIFIC ‘PROTEIN’ OR ‘RNA’
  2. RESPONSIBLE FOR EXPRESSION OF TRAITS
  3. RESPONSIBLE FOR SYNTHESIS OF ‘PROTEIN MOLECULES’
103
Q

What are the characteristics of an ‘ALLELE’?

*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM

A
  1. ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF THE SAME ‘GENE’

2. DIPLOID CELLS HAVE 2 OF THESE (ALLELES)

104
Q

What are the characteristics of a ‘DIPLOID’ cells?

A

CELLS THAT CONTAINS TWO SETS OF HOMOLOGOUS (SAME) CHROMOSOMES

105
Q

What are ‘DIPLOID’ cells also referred to as?

A

AUTOSOMES

106
Q

What are the characteristics of ‘HAPLOID’ cells?

A

CELLS THAT CONTAIN ‘HALF’ THE NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES

107
Q

These types of cells are considered to be the ‘GAMETES’ and ‘OVA’ in the human body.

A

‘HAPLOID CELLS’

108
Q

What are ‘HAPLOID’ cells also referred to as?

A

SEX CHROMOSOMES

109
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

MOST CELLS ARE NORMALLY ‘HAPLOID’

A

FALSE

MOST CELLS ARE NORMALLY ‘DIPLOID’

(DIPLOID CELLS HAVE 2 SETS OR A ‘PAIR’ OF CHROMOSOMES)

i.e., 23 PAIRS OF CHROMOSOMES IN THE HUMAN BODY (1 PAIR = SEX CHROMOSOMES)

110
Q

These are responsible for the passing of ‘GENETIC MATERIAL’ from one cell to another.

When does this happen?

A

CHROMOSOMES

DURING ‘DNA’ REPLICATION

111
Q

What in a ‘CHROMOSOME’ is responsible for ‘PROTEIN SYNTHESIS’?

A

DNA

112
Q

Tightly packed molecules of ‘DNA’ that are very organized are also called what?

A

CHROMOSOMES

113
Q

THESE PROTEINS WRAP AROUND VERY LONG STRANDS OF ‘DNA’.

A

HISTONES

114
Q

A CHROMOSOME CONSISTS OF 2 ________ JOINED TOGETHER BY A ________.

A
  1. CHROMATIDS

2. CENTROMERE

115
Q

How many strands of ‘DNA’ are there per ‘CHROMATID’?

A

ONLY ONE

116
Q

These will always correspond to ‘GENES’ in the same position on ‘HOMOLOGOUS’ chromosomes.

A

ALLELES

117
Q

HUMANS HAVE __ PAIR(S) OF HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES.

WHAT ARE THEY ALSO REFERRED TO AS?

A

22 PAIRS = HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES

ALSO CALLED ‘AUTOSOMES’

DIPLOID IN NUMBER (2N)

118
Q

THERE IS/ARE __ PAIR(S) OF SEX CHROMOSOMES.

WHAT ARE THEY CONSIDERED TO BE?

A

1 PAIR OF SEX CHROMOSOMES

HAPLOID IN NUMBER (1N)

(*GAMETES = SPERM AND OVA)

119
Q

What is ‘INHERITANCE’ defined as?

A

PASSAGE OF GENETIC INFORMATION FROM ONE GENERATION TO ANOTHER.

EGG (1N) + SPERM (1N) = ZYGOTE (2N)

120
Q

SIMILAR GENETIC INFORMATION (BLOOD TYPE, HEIGHT, ETC) IS CONTAINED IN WHAT?

A

EACH PAIR OF ‘HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES’

*DIPLOID (2N)

121
Q

When someone has homologous chromosomes with the ‘SAME’ alleles (i.e., both have curly hair genes). The person is said to be what?

A

HOMOZYGOUS

122
Q

When someone has chromosomes with the ‘DIFFERENT’ alleles (i.e., curly hair/straight hair genes). The person is said to be what?

A

HETEROZYGOUS

123
Q

THE SET OF OBSERVABLE (PHYSICAL) TRAITS OF AN ‘ORGANISM’ ARE CALLED WHAT?

A

PHENOTYPE

*HINT - P=PHYSICAL

124
Q

When ‘ALLELES’ are heterozygous. Which one is ‘expressed’?

A

DOMINANT ALLELE IS EXPRESSED

125
Q

How does ‘DOWN’S SYNDROME’ occur?

What is it also called?

A

EXTRA CHROMOSOME ‘21’

ALSO CALLED:

  • TRISOMY-21
  • MONGOLISM
126
Q

HOW IS ‘DOWN’S SYNDROME’ CHARACTERIZED?

*THERE ARE 5 OF THEM

A
  1. EXTRA CHROMOSOME ‘21’
  2. MENTAL RETARDATION
  3. SMALL SKULL
  4. SHORT FLAT NOSE
  5. SHORT FINGERS
127
Q

What are the 5 principal function of ‘CARBOHYDRATES’ on the body?

A
  1. MAJOR SOURCE OF FUEL (ATP)
  2. CELLULAR STRUCTURE
  3. STRUCTURE OF DNA/RNA
  4. CONVERTED TO NON-CARBOHYDRATES
  5. CONVERTED INTO A STORAGE FORM (i.e., GLYOCOGEN). READILY AVAILABLE FOR CONVERSION TO ‘GLUCOSE’
128
Q

‘CARBOHYDRATES’ ARE DEFINED AS MOLECULES THAT CONTAIN ONLY WHAT 3 ELEMENTS?

A
  1. CARBON
  2. HYDROGEN
  3. OXYGEN
129
Q

‘MONOSACCHARIDES’ are also known as what?

Why are they called this?

A

‘SIMPLE SUGARS’

THEY ARE THE ‘MOST SIMPLE’ OF ALL SUGARS

130
Q

HOW MANY CARBONS ARE IN A ‘SIMPLE SUGAR’ (MONOSACCHARIDE)?

A

6 CARBONS

131
Q

‘MONOSACCHARIDES’ may exist with the same molecule formula (C6H12O6) but differ in structure. What are these called?

A

ISOMERS

132
Q

What are the 3 different ‘MONOSACCHARIDE’ isomers that exist for (C6H12O6) aka ‘HEXOSE’?

A
  1. GLUCOSE
  2. FRUCTOSE
  3. GALACTOSE
133
Q

Two ‘MONOSACCHARIDES’ that are hooked together form what?

A

‘DISACCHARIDE’

134
Q

What kind of sugar is ‘MALTOSE’?

What molecules is it made of?

A

‘DISACCHARIDE’

MADE FROM TWO ‘GLUCOSE’ MOLECULES

135
Q

Two ‘MONOSACCHARIDES’ that hook together to form a ‘DISACCHARIDE’ do so through what process?

A

DEHYDRATION

REMOVAL OF ONE WATER MOLECULE FROM THE TWO ‘MONOSACCHARIDES’

136
Q

What is the ‘BOND’ that forms after dehydration between 2 ‘MONOSACCHARIDES’ has taken place called?

A

GLYCOSIDIC BOND

137
Q

What kind of sugar is ‘SUCROSE’?

What molecules is it made of?

A

‘DISACCHARIDE’

‘GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE’

138
Q

What kind of sugar is ‘LACTOSE’?

What molecules is it made of?

A

‘DISACCHARIDE’

‘GLUCOSE + GALACTOSE’

139
Q

The ‘CHEMICAL’ reaction where a molecule is broken down from water is called what?

A

HYDROLYSIS

140
Q

The process of making 2 ‘MONOSACCHARIDES’ from a ‘DISACCHARIDE’ is called what?

A

HYDROLYSIS

141
Q

The process of making a ‘DISACCHARIDE’ from 2 ‘MONOSACCHARIDES’ is called what?

A

DEHYDRATION

142
Q

Complex ‘CARBOHYDRATES’ composed of many simple sugars bonded together in long chains are also called what?

A

POLYSACCHARIDES

143
Q

WHAT ARE THE TWO MOST COMMON ‘POLYSACCHARIDES’?

A
  1. STARCH

2. GLYCOGEN

144
Q

WHICH ‘POLYSACCHARIDE’ IS FORMED FROM ‘STRAIGHT’ CHAINS?

A

STARCH

145
Q

WHICH ‘POLYSACCHARIDE’ IS FORMED FROM ‘BRANCHED’ CHAINS?

A

GLYCOGEN

146
Q

What is the common term for ‘LIPIDS’?

A

FATS

147
Q

‘LIPIDS’ contain mainly what 3 elements?

A
  1. CARBON
  2. OXYGEN
  3. HYDROGEN

(JUST LIKE CARBOHYDRATES)

148
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

‘LIPIDS’ CONTAIN MORE OXYGEN THAN ‘CARBOHYDRATES’

A

FALSE

‘LIPIDS’ CONTAIN MUCH LESS OXYGEN THAN CARBOHYDRATES

149
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

‘LIPIDS’ ARE INSOLUBLE IN WATER

A

TRUE

LIPIDS ‘ARE’ INSOLUBLE IN WATER

150
Q

‘LIPIDS’ are separated into what 2 things?

A
  1. FATTY ACIDS

2. GLYCEROL

151
Q

How many ‘FATTY ACIDS’ are there in a ‘LIPID’?

A

3 FATTY ACIDS

152
Q

What are the ‘FATTY ACIDS’ in a ‘LIPID’ attached to?

A

GLYCEROL

153
Q

What are the characteristics of ‘SATURATED’ fats?

*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM

A
  1. MORE HYDROGEN
  2. ‘NO’ DOUBLE BONDS
  3. MAXIMUM NUMBER OF HYDROGENS (SATURATED WITH THEM)
154
Q

What are the characteristics of ‘UNSATURATED’ fats?

*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM

A
  1. LESS HYDROGEN

2. DOUBLE BONDED CARBONS

155
Q

What is an example of an ‘UNSATURATED’ fat?

A

CANOLA OIL

156
Q

What is an example of a ‘SATURATED’ fat?

A

SHORTENING

157
Q

WHICH FATS ARE ‘LIQUID’ AT ROOM TEMPERATURE?

A

UNSATURATED

158
Q

WHICH FATS ARE ‘SOLID’ AT ROOM TEMPERATURE?

A

SATURATED

159
Q

What are 3 examples of ‘SATURATED’ fatty acids?

A
  1. BUTYRIC
  2. PLAMITIC
  3. STEARIC
160
Q

What are 3 examples of ‘UNSATURATED’ fatty acids?

A
  1. OLEIC
  2. LINOLEIC
  3. LINOLENIC
161
Q

FATTY ACIDS MAY HAVE ANOTHER COMPOUND ATTACHED TO IT.

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN ‘PHOSPHORIC ACID’ IS ATTACHED?

A

A ‘PHOSPHOLIPID’ IS MADE

*PRIMARY COMPONENT OF PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER

162
Q

What are the 7 principal functions of ‘LIPIDS’ in the body?

A
  1. FORM CELLULAR STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
  2. TRANSPORT LIPID-SOLUBLE SUBSTANCES
  3. PROVIDE CELLULAR ENERGY
  4. STORE ENERGY IN ADIPOSE TISSUE
  5. PROTECT, CUSHION AND INSULATE BODY ORGANS
  6. FORM TYPE OF HORMONE (STEROIDS THAT REGULATE SEXUAL FUNCTION)
  7. ELECTRICAL INSULATION IN NERVE FIBERS
163
Q

The second most ‘common’ element in the human body is:

  1. CARBON
  2. NITROGEN
  3. OXYGEN
  4. HYDROGEN
A
  1. CARBON
164
Q

Ionic bonding results from:

A

THE COMPLETE TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS

165
Q

The molecular formula of ‘glucose’ is:

  1. C6-H6-O6
  2. C12-H6-O6
  3. C12-H6-O6
  4. C6-H12-O6
A
  1. C6-H12-O6
166
Q

Which of the following is an isomer of ‘glucose’:

  1. FRUCTOSE
  2. MALTOSE
  3. STARCH
  4. GLYCOGEN
A
  1. FRUCTOSE
167
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

‘SATURATED FATS’ are solid at room temperature

A

TRUE

168
Q

The structure formula for ‘butyric acid’ is:

  1. CH3-(CH2)14-COOH
  2. CH3-(CH2)16-COOH
  3. CH3-(CH2)2-COOH
  4. CH3-(CH2)7-CH=CH-(CH2)7-COOH
A
  1. CH3-(CH2)2-COOH
169
Q

Amino acids are held together by what kind of bonds?

  1. PEPTIDE BONDS
  2. AMINO BONDS
  3. HYDROGEN BONDS
  4. IONIC BONDS
A
  1. PEPTIDE BONDS
170
Q

Which type of RNA acts as a template for ‘protein synthesis’?

  1. rRNA
  2. nRNA
  3. tRNA
  4. mRNA
A
  1. mRNA
171
Q

‘Transcription’ takes place in the:

  1. CYTOPLASM
  2. NUCLEUS
  3. RIBOSOMES
  4. 2 and 3
A
  1. NUCLEUS
172
Q

A ‘phenotype’ is:

  1. The genetic makeup of an individual’s alleles
  2. An individual’s observable characteristics
  3. A process of identifying an individual’s homologous pairs of chromosomes
  4. Two homologous chromosomes that are identical
A
  1. An individual’s observable characteristics

PD BIO 305 (19 decks)

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