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Patho > Immunity (exam 1) > Flashcards

Immunity (exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is innate immune system?

A

Born with, general responses, non-specific

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2
Q

What is the adaptive immune system?

A

Changes with us due to exposure, build and change, MEMORY,

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3
Q

What are the 2 arms of the adaptive immune system

A 
T-cells (cell mediated)
Antibody mediated (B-cells, humoral immunity)
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4
Q

What is the first line of defense of the immune system?

A

Barriers (physical and chemical)

Ex: skin, mucous membranes, saliva, tears, sweat, stomach acid

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5
Q

What is the second line of defense of the immune system?

A

Inflammation, rapid and nonspecific

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6
Q

What is the third line of defense of the immune system?

A

Adaptive immune system

T and B cells

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7
Q

What is the adaptive immune system in response to?

A

Antigen exposure, first exposure takes significant time to build, memory for the rest

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8
Q

What effects does inflammation have on the cellular level?

A

Vasodilation: makes blood vessels bigger

Increased capillary permeability: allows more across the vessels

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9
Q

What are the classsic symptoms of inflammation?

A 
Swelling
Heat
A loss of function
Redness
Pain
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10
Q

Why is inflammation physiologic?

A

Good and normal response, helps stabilize tissues to stop infection and repair

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11
Q

Why is inflammation pathologic?

A

Hard to turn off and regulate, screw up fluid balances (edema), stresses system (BP, heart, make you immuno supressed)

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12
Q

What are leukocytes divided into?

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

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13
Q

What part of the immune system are granulocytes a part of?

A

Innate immune system

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14
Q

What part of the immune system are agranulocytes a part of?

A

Adaptive immune system

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15
Q

What cells make up granulocytes?

A

Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils

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16
Q

Where are basophils located?

A

Basophils in the blood

Mast cells are the basophils that are found in the tissue

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17
Q

What do basophils and mast cells do?

A

Pro inflammatory, release histamine and hepanin

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18
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

Anti-inflammatory and anti-parasitic, regulatory, release histaminase

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19
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

1st responder to injury, most abundant, primary phagocyte, ingesting and destroying

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20
Q

What cells are phagocytes?

A

Monos and macros

Neutrophils

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21
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

Leave the blood and go into the tissues

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22
Q

What cells are capable of diapedesis?

A

Monos and macros
Eosinophils
Neutrophils

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23
Q

What cells make up the agranulocytes?

A

T and B cells
Natural Killers
Monocytes and Macrophages

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24
Q

Where are monocytes located?

A

In the blood

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25
Q

Where are macrophages located?

A

In the tissue

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26
Q

Are T and B cells specific or non specific?

A

Specific

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27
Q

Are natural killers specific or non specific?

A

Non specific

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28
Q

What is the order of events upon an injury?

A 
Neutrophils respond and phagocytose
Activate mast cells and basophils
Inflammation begins
Attract other WBC (neutros, eos, macros)
Macros replace neutros
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29
Q

What 2 processes do mast cells go through?

A

Degranulation

Synthesis

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30
Q

What occurs during degranulation?

A

1st step after mast cell activation
Histamine release= vascular effects (vasodilation, increased capillary permeability)
Chemotaxis of more neutros (phagocytosis)
Chemotaxis of more eos (regulate inflammatory process)

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31
Q

What occurs during synthesis?

A

2nd step after mast cell activation
Platelet activating factors (causes clotting)
Activation of the arachidonic acid:
Vascular effects via leukotrienes
Vascular effects and pain via prostaglandins

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32
Q

What is produced during the arachidonic acid pathway?

A

Leukotrienes
Thromboxanes
Prostacyclin
Prostaglandins

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33
Q

What do leukotrienes do?

A

Bring in WBCs, increase inflammation

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34
Q

What do thromboxanes do?

A

Increase clotting

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35
Q

What do prostacyclins do?

A

Regulate leukotrienes (decrease inflammation), thromboxanes (decrease clotting), prostaglandins (reduce pain)

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36
Q

What do prostaglandins do?

A

Increase inflammation and pain

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37
Q

What is an APC and what do they do?

A

Antigen Presenting Cell

Phagocytic cell, ingests and breaks down, presents to B cells to induce better immune response

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38
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Process by which a cell ingests and disposes of foreign material

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39
Q

What is the primary function of natural killer cells?

A

Kill viruses, kill abnormal host cells (cancer or tumor cells)

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40
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Cell signaling, help facilitate immune system

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41
Q

What are pyrogens?

A

Interleukins, induce fever

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42
Q

What are interferons?

A

cell signaling for viral infections, warn neighbors that a virus is presnet

43
Q

What are chemokines?

A

Chemotactic cytokines, speacial kind of cytokines, induce leukocyte chemotaxis

44
Q

What are the 3 plasma protein systems?

A

Complement System
Coagulation System
Kinin System

45
Q

What does the complement system do?

A

Activates innate and adaptive immune systems, protein cascades

46
Q

What comes out of the complement system?

A

Opsonination: tag something for destruction
Chemotactic factors of WBCs
Produce membrane attack complex to cause lysis

47
Q

What does the coagulation system do?

A

Causes us to clot

48
Q

What does the kinin system do?

A

Increases pain and inflammation

49
Q

List and describe the exudative fluids of inflammation

A

Serous: watery, early
Fibrous: thick, clotted (pick scab and its amberous/ sticky)
Purulent: bacterial infection, pus, smells bad
Hemorrhagic: blood

50
Q

What is an endogenous fever?

A

Fever caused from us and what we release

51
Q

What is an exogenous fever?

A

Fever caused by the pathogens

52
Q

How long must inflammation last to be considered chronic?

A

Lasting longer than 2 weeks

53
Q

What are the 3 most important things to remember about Adaptive Immunity that separates it from all other divisions of the immune system?

A

Memory (of antigen)
Specificity
Antibodies

54
Q

In regards to immunity what does active mean?

A

Acquired, activate T and B cells, produce memory

55
Q

In regards to immunity what does passive mean?

A

Just straight antibodies, do not activate T and B cells, no memory

56
Q

In regards to immunity what does natural mean?

A

Get exposed naturally through the environment

57
Q

In regards to immunity what does artificial mean?

A

Get exposed through injections

58
Q

Natural passive

A

Getting just antibodies through a natural means, to fetus through the placenta, to a newborn through breastmilk

59
Q

Artificial passive

A

Take antibodies and inject into someone, ebola now, rabies, anti-venoms

60
Q

Natural active

A

Environmental exposed, activate T and B cells, produce memory

61
Q

Artificial active

A

Injection exposure, activate T and B cells, produce memory, true vaccinations

62
Q

What are antigens?

A

Foreign or nonself particles/ proteins

63
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Proteins produced by immune system to fight antigens, produced by plasma (B) cells

64
Q

What is an epitote?

A

Region on antigen that is recognized, part of antigen we use for recognition and binding

65
Q

What is tolerance in reference to immunity?

A

Us not killing our own cells, learned in the thymus, lose tolerance and get autoimmunity

66
Q

What do cytotoxic cells target?

A

Virus infected cells, cancer (tumor cells)

Like natural killer cells but very specific

67
Q

Where are T and B cells produced? Where do they mature?

A

T and B cells are produced in bone marrow
B cells mature in bone marrow
T cells mature in thymus

68
Q

What activates B and T cells

A

CD4 (helper T’s) or APCs

69
Q

When a B cell is activated what cells are produced?

A 
Memory cell
Plasma cell (secrete specific antibodies to antigen)
70
Q

When a T cell is activated what cells are produced?

A

Memory cell
Cytotoxic T cells (poke holes and cause lysis by perferins)
Helper T cells (stimulate other T or B cells)
Suppressory T cells (turn down immune response, take out of it)

71
Q

What is clonal diversity?

A

Come from same place, produce immunocompetent T and B cells with different receptors

72
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

When we are exposed to antigen, specific cell is selected

73
Q

What is MHC and what do they do?

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex, recognize self vs nonself, flagpoles to present cell

74
Q

What are CD8 cells?

A

Cytotoxic cells, cancer, virally infected cells, look for self cells,

75
Q

What class of MHC do CD8 bind with?

A 
CD8 binds with MHC class 1 
Nucleated cells, basically everything except RBCs
76
Q

What are CD4 cells?

A

Helper T cells, communicate with APCs and dedritic cells

77
Q

What class of MHC do CD4 bind with?

A

CD4 binds with MHC class 2

78
Q

What does CD mean?

A

Cluster of differentiation

Aids in the function of the immune cells

79
Q

What are the 5 antibodies we discussed?

A 
IgG
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgE
80
Q

What is the most abundant antibody?

A

IgG

81
Q

What is the first antibody produced?

A

IgM

82
Q

What antibody is associated with allergic responses?

A

IgE

83
Q

IgG

A

Most abundant, transported across the placenta (natural passive), last in blood a while

84
Q

IgM

A

Largest, first produced antibody, clinically indicative antibody for current infections

85
Q

IgA

A

Secretions (tears, saliva, breast milk

86
Q

IgE

A

Allergic responses, parasite infections, stimulates mast cell degeneration (inflammation)

87
Q

What are the direct functional effects of antibodies?

A

Neutralization (of antigen, bind and deactivate)
Agglutination (form clumps for immune system to find easier)
Percipitation (fall out of solution)

88
Q

What are the indirect functional effects of antibodies?

A

Opsonization (tag for destruction)

Complement (activated, assist innate and adaptive)

89
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Antibodies or T cells produced after either a natural exposure to an antigen or after immunization

90
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Preformed Ab or T lymphocytes are transerred from a donor to a recipient

91
Q

What antibody is most significant in passive immunity of the fetus?

A

IgG, can cross placenta

92
Q

What antibody is most significant in passive immunity of a new born and most significant in protection from UTIs?

A

IgA, secretions

93
Q

What are Type 1 hypersensitivities?

A 
Anaphylaxis/ Allergy
Ab= IgE
Cells involved= mast cells
Time after 1st exposure= immediate, 15-30 min post exposure
Examples= allergic asthma, hay fever
94
Q

What are Type 2 hypersensitivities?

A 
Cytotoxic
Ab= IgM, IgG
Cells involved= phagocytes
Time after 1st exposure= hours, days
Examples= graves disease, RA, erythroblastosis, good pasture syndrome
95
Q

What are Type 3 hypersensitivities?

A

Complex Mediated
Ab= any (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE)
Cells involved= phagocytes (neutros, macros)
Time after 1st exposure= days to months
Examples= systemic lupus, erythematosus, farmers lung, serum sickness

96
Q

What are Type 4 hypersensitivities?

A 
Delayed
Ab= none
Cells involved= cytotoxic T cells
Time after 1st exposure= years
Examples= poison ivy, celiac, latex sensitivity
97
Q

Exotoxin (Bacterial Infection)

A

Protrin released during bacterial growth, specific effects, immunogenic antibodies

98
Q

Endotoxin (Bacterial Infection)

A

Contained within the cell walls of gram negative bacteria, lysis/ destruction.

99
Q

Bacteremia- Septicemia

A

Presence of bacteria in the blood, usually gram negative bacteria, septic shock caused by endotoxins

100
Q

Viral Infection

A

Obligate intracellular parasites: dependent on host cell, no metabolism, permissive host cell, usually a self-limiting infection (spread cell to cell)

101
Q

Why are viral infections hard to treat?

A

They use our systems so to attack and kill them we are killing out own cells

102
Q

Why are fungal infections hard to treat?

A

They are the closest and have the most similarities to humans

103
Q

What is released under times of infection, disease, or any physiologic stress?

A

Cortisol is released from the adrenal gland (adrenal cortex)

Patho (17 decks)

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