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Patho > Pain (exam 2) > Flashcards

Pain (exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of pain?

A

Nociceptive

Neuropathic

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2
Q

What is nociceptive pain?

A

Trigger nociceptors for pain
Somatic- joints, muscle, skin (very specific)
Visceral- organs (tumor/ obstruction) (very broad, referred pain)

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3
Q

What is neuropathic pain?

A

Brain feels pain
CNS or PNS
Don’t always know the stimulus

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4
Q

What type of pain do small C fibers cause?

A

Prolonged, dull, achey, persistent pain

Small C fibers are unmyelinated

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5
Q

What type of pain do large A fibers cause? What other sensations?

A

Immediate, sharp pain
Large A fibers are myelinated
Touch, vibration, thermal

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6
Q

What are natural analgesics?

A

Endorphins
Enkephalin
Dynorphin

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7
Q

What does Transduction in pain pathway do?

A

Nociceptors activated, release substance to activate small C fibers

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8
Q

What does Transmission in pain pathway do?

A

Small C fibers to spinal cord through brain stem to the thalamus to the cerebral cortex

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9
Q

What does Perception in pain pathway do?

A

Once in cerebral cortex we feel and become aware of pain

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10
Q

What does Modulation in pain pathway do?

A

How we inhibit or control pain

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11
Q

What is the gate control theory?

A

Small C fibers open the gate, cause pain

Large A fibers close the pain gate, modulation: touch, thermal, vibration

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12
Q

What is endogenous modulation?

A

Release analgesics (endorphins, serotonin, Neorepinephrine)
Block pain at the level small C fibers came in
Block at spinal cord even though nociceptors are still firing

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13
Q

What is exogenous modulation?

A

Large A fibers doing the modulation and closing gate through touch, vibration and thermal
Nociceptors are still firing, but large A are myelinated and beat to spinal cord so we don’t perceive it

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14
Q

How many months of persistent pain till it is classified as chronic pain?

A

3 months

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15
Q

Intermittent Chronic Pain

A

Comes and goes

Ex: chronic migraines

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16
Q

Persistent Chronic Pain

A

Always present

Ex: lumbago (low back pain)

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17
Q

Neuropathic Pain

A

Brains perception of pain
Characterized by:
Hyperalgesia (over exaggerated pain levels)
Allodynia (feel pain with no present stimulus)

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18
Q

What is perceptual dominance?

A

Second injury is masked by pain of greater injury

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19
Q

What causes a fever? What does fever mean?

A

Pyrogens

Mean infection

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20
Q

What is hyperthemia?

A

High body temp

Overexposure to heat source

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21
Q

What is malignant hyperthermia?

A

Increased body temp caused by anesthetics
Spontaneously, quick progression of body temp
Increase muscle contraction, increase body temp
Stop by removal of anesthetics

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22
Q

What is hypothermia?

A

To low body temp

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23
Q

What are the stages of sleep?

A

REM (dreaming, rapid eye movement)

Non-REM sleep (4 stages, deeper sleep)

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24
Q

What is Hypersomnia and the types?

A

To sleepy
Primary hypersomnia: always over sleepy
Secondary hypersomnia: something inducing it, usually drugs

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25
Q

What sleep disorders affect breathing?

A

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (usually overweight or obese)
Nocturnal paroxysmal dyspnea (CHF patients, overwork heart laying down, SOB)

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26
Q

What is insomnia?

A

Inability to fall or stay asleep

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27
Q

What is strabismus?

A

Deviation from center of eye

Lazy eye

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28
Q

What is nystagmus?

A

Eye shaking, twitching

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29
Q

What is diplopia? What is it a symptom of?

A

Double vision

Strabismus symptom

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30
Q

What is myopia?

A

Nearsightedness
Long eyeball
Focus in front of retina

31
Q

What is hyperopia?

A

Farsightedness
Fat eyeball
Focus behind retina

32
Q

What is astigmatism?

A

Uneven corneal curvature

No single retinal focus

33
Q

What is an otitis externa ear infection?

A

Outside the tympanic membrane

Swimmers ear

34
Q

What is an otitis media infection? Most common in who?

A

Eustachian tube infection

Children and infants

35
Q

What is vestibular nystagmus?

A

proprioceptive dysfunction

Eyeball movement secondary to overstimulation of semicircular canals

36
Q

What is vertigo?

A

Feel like you are spinning

Spinning sensation secondary to inflammation of semicircular canals

37
Q

What is the primary cause of aphasia?

A

Stroke

38
Q

What is anomic/ amnesia aphasia?

A

Without a name for person, place, thing

39
Q

What is receptive aphasia?

A

Damage to wernicke’s area

Difficulty understanding spoken or written language

40
Q

What is expressive aphasia?

A

Damage to Broca’s area

Difficulty in conveying thoughts speech or writing

41
Q

What is global aphasia?

A

Damage to wernicke and broca areas

Loss of almost all language function

42
Q

What is decorticate?

A

Hands stuck up on chest
Lower on brain stem
Corticospinal damage: opposite side

43
Q

What is decerebrate?

A

Hands stuck down
Higher on brainstem
Ipsilateral damage: same side

44
Q

What happens with both decorticate and decerebrate damage?

A

Brain damage is to straight are side

45
Q

What is Brain Stem Death?

A

Lack of brain function

Vegetative state, living by machines

46
Q

What is cerebral death?

A

Death exclusive of brain stem and cerebellum

Brain maintains internal homeostasis

47
Q

What is a partial seizure?

A

Part of brain

Focal and unilateral

48
Q

What is an absence seizure?

A

Spacing out, zoning out for a couple minutes

49
Q

What is a tonic clonic seizure?

A

Convulsions (rigid and relax, repeat)

Grand mal seizures

50
Q

What is an epileptic?

A

Chronic tonic clonic seizures

51
Q

What is hydrocephalaus?

A

Big head
Excess CSF within cranial vault, subarachnoid space or both
Increased ICP

52
Q

What is a coup and counter- coup injury?

A

Coup is injury where hit on brain

Counter-coup is brain bouncing off opposite side of head, secondary injury

53
Q

Cerebral Concussion

A 
Most common type of traumatic brain injury
Chemical injury with loss of ATP
Confusion, Amnesia, Fatigue, Dizziness
Loss of consciousness not needed
No major broken blood vessels
54
Q

Epidural Hematoma

A 
Blunt force trauma/ motor vehicle accident
Between skull and dura mater
Increase ICP
Arterial bleed, fast bleed
Lucid intervals= think you are fine
Progressive
Don't break blood brain barrier
55
Q

Subdural Hematoma

A 
Elderly/ alcoholics/ shaken baby syndrome
Increase ICP (highest of all)
Below dura, above pia
Venous bleed, slow bleed
Most common, most fatal
Brain becomes hypoxic then necrosis
Break blood brain barrier
Inflammation and macrophage in brain
Liquifactic necrosis
56
Q

Intracerebral Hematoma

A 
Stroke causes
Inside brain tissue
Small arteries or veins, slow bleed
Fastest to produce symptoms
Break blood brain barrier
Liquifactic necrosis
Forms penumbra, walling off area
Little to no change in ICP
57
Q

Quadrapelegia

A

Complete paralysis

Damage to T1 or above

58
Q

Paraplegia

A

Lower half

T2 and below

59
Q

Hemiplegia

A

Half the body

Stroke

60
Q

What is the circle of willis?

A

Colateral flow

If get a blockage in part, then should still get bloodflow to brain

61
Q

Hemorrhagic Stroke

A

Bleeding into brain tissue
Poor oxygenation
Necrosis

62
Q

Ischemic Stroke

A

Lack of bloodflow
Hypoxia
Permanent necrosis

63
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meninges
Bacterial: skull fractures, antibiotics
Aseptic (Viral)
Fungal: Super fatal and rare

64
Q

Encephalitis

A

Inflammation of the brain

65
Q

Senility

A

Physiologic

Decrease cognitive function due to age

66
Q

Dementia

A

Severe short term memory loss

67
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A 
Initial symptom: memory loss
Secondary: motor function loss
Strong genetic component
Tau tangles and Amyloid plaques
Severe atrophy of brain
68
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

Initial symptom: motor function loss
Secondary: Memory loss
Loss of dopamine production/ release
Loss of inhibition of dopamine causes more Ach= muscle tremors

69
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A

Primary symptom: Muscle weakness
Degeneration of somatic motor neurons
Rapidly prgressive

70
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Primary Symptom: Muscle weakness
Demyelination of CNS neurons
Autoimmune disease (type 4): cyto T’s attack oligos
Females more prone

71
Q

Guillan barre

A

Primary symptom: Muscle weakness
Demyelination of PNS neurons (schwann cells)
From infection
Can recover

72
Q

Muscular Dystrophy

A 
Primary symptom: muscle weakness
Muscle protein (dystrohpin) problem
Duchenne MD= most common in kids
Myotonic MD= most common in adults
73
Q

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

A

Primary symptom: muscle weakness

Autoimmune disease: Ab to Ach receptors- block/ destroy- low muscle function

Patho (17 decks)

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