urinary

Question 1

what are the two main structures in the kidney’s organization

Answer 1

the medullary rays and renal columns (interlobular cortical tissue)

Question 2

the four divisions of the nephron

Answer 2

1. renal corpuscle 2. PCT 3. loop of Henle 4. DCT

Question 3

unifierous tubule

Answer 3

made of nephron and collecting tubule

Question 4

where is the macula densa found

Answer 4

on the distal convoluted tubule at the juxtaglomerular position

Question 5

which type of nephron has the longest loop of henle

Answer 5

the juxtaglomerular nephron

Question 6

the three types of nephrons

Answer 6

cortical, intermediate and juxtaglomerular

Question 7

outer layer of the filtration space (Bowman’s capsule)

Answer 7

parietal layer: simple squamous

Question 8

inner layer of Bowman’s Capsule

Answer 8

visceral layer: podocytes

Question 9

major processes

Answer 9

the main cytoplasmic extensions of podocytes

Question 10

pedicels

Answer 10

the minor processes stemming from the major processes of the podocyte

Question 11

filtration slits

Answer 11

the interdigitation of pedicels of the visceral epithelium

Question 12

filtration slit diaphragm

Answer 12

the gap that is adjusted by microfilaments of the podocyte

Question 13

where do must filtered particles pass through to reach the joint basement membrane of the glomerulus

Answer 13

through the fenestration of the capillary endothelium

Question 14

the three layers of the joint basement membrane of the glomerulus from the vessel toward the capsule

Answer 14

lamina rara interna, lamina densa, lamina rara externa

Question 15

what purpose does the joint glomerular basement membrane serve

Answer 15

it is thicker than other BM’s and its the main filtration barrier, selecting for size and charge

Question 16

what type of collagen is prominent the lamina densa layer

Answer 16

Type IV

Question 17

glomerular filtration size limit

Answer 17

70kDa

Question 18

where does one find a masangial cell

Answer 18

in the BM of glomerular endothelial cells

Question 19

what are the 2 main purposes of intraglomerular masangial cells

Answer 19

1. phagocytize trapped residue 2. structural support for podocytes where the endothelial BM is limited or missing

Question 20

lacis (lay-sees) cells

Answer 20

extraglomerular masangial cells along the vascular pole of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 21

What IS the macula densa

Answer 21

densely nucleated epithelium of the distal convoluted tubule where it joins the lacis cells at the juxtaglomerular appartus (cortex)

Question 22

the 3 components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 22

the macula densa of the DCT, the afferent/efferent arterioles (JG cells), and the lacis cells

Question 23

where is renin secreted

Answer 23

JG CELLS (in the afferent arterioes’ tunica media)

Question 24

how do macula densa cells communicate with JG cells

Answer 24

by SENSING NaCl, and sending signal to increase of decrease renin production

Question 25

the 2 divisions of the renal corpuscle

Answer 25

the visceral and urinary poles

Question 26

What are some features of PCT lacking in the DCT

Answer 26

darker, basal infolding, microvilli

Question 27

responds to aldosterone to resorb water

Answer 27

collecting ducts

Question 28

epithelium of the collecting ducts

Answer 28

columnar

Question 29

which performs more resorption PCT or DCT

Answer 29

PCT

Question 30

layersof the urinary bladder from the inside out

Answer 30

urothelium, lp, submucosa, inner layer of smooth muscle, middle layer mus., outer layer of mus., adventitia

Question 31

how is the smooth muscle arranged in the ureter

Answer 31

in helical thick formation

Question 32

what tunic is missing from the ureter

Answer 32

the submucosal layer

Question 33

describe the lumen of the ureter

Answer 33

stellate with longitudinal folds in the transitional epithelium

Question 34

uroplakins

Answer 34

the class of integral membrane proteins that form plaques over the apical surface of the urinary bladder, present when empty of urine

Question 35

what vasculature runs along the corticomedullary junction

Answer 35

the arcuate arteries, veins

Question 36

which artery leads to the afferent arteriole of the nephron

Answer 36

interlobular artery

Question 37

which two capillary beds follow the efferent arteriole

Answer 37

the peritubular capillaries (convoluted tubules) and vasa recta (loop of henle)

Question 38

what cell type has basal infoldings

Answer 38

proximal tubules

Question 39

what type of molecule is renin

Answer 39

a proteolytic enzyme that convertes angiotensinogen to angiotensin I (leads to vasoconstricting cascade)

Question 40

the layers of the medulla from the papilla upward

Answer 40

inner region of inner zone (IZ), outer region of IZ, inner band of the OZ, outer band of the OZ

Question 41

what structures will one find in the IZ of the medulla

Answer 41

collecting tubules, capillaries, thin limbs of Henle, thick ASCENDING limbs

Question 42

what structures will one find in the OZ of the medulla

Answer 42

all those found in IZ plus thick descending

Question 43

which type of nephron has nearly no thin ascending limb

Answer 43

cortical nephrons (very short loops)

Question 44

what is the order of arteries (and veins) stemming from the segmental art.(/seg. vein)

Answer 44

interlobular, arcuate, interlobular, afferent

Question 45

Prostaglandin E

Answer 45

released by interstitial cells of the medulla to maintain renal circulation

Question 46

what cell types can be found below all mucosal linings

Answer 46

lymph tissue

Question 47

what feature distinguishes esophageal from ureter epithelium

Answer 47

esophageal is VACUOLATED, nonkeratinizing stratified squamous