Part 13 Flashcards
What are the three dimensions of inequality?
A. Inequality of access, inequality of hope, inequality of finances
B. Inequality of access, inequality of opportunity, inequality of outcomes
C. Inequality of outcomes, inequality of lifestyle, inequality of education
D. Inequality of access, inequality of education, inequality of healthcare
B. Inequality of access, inequality of opportunity, inequality of outcomes
Three dimensions of inequality are identified by the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation, all of which need to be addressed to overcome health inequalities.
What is a common setting for health promotion?
A. Workplace
B. Antenatal class
C. Immunisation clinic
D. None of the above
A. Workplace
A settings approach to health promotion was advocated in the Jakarta Declaration as the ‘organisational base of the infrastructure required for health promotion’ (WHO 1997). A settings approach to health promotion facilitates the nurturing of human and social capital. It involves the provision of health promotion in the settings of people’s lives, such as schools, families, workplaces, ethnic communities and regional localities thereby taking health services to the people and not expecting people to be entirely responsible for their health outcomes. It broadens the population approach to include organisations and systems (McMurray 2011).
To help promote and support the health and wellbeing of children, the World Health Organization:
A. establised a global school health initiative
B. advoactes that health educators be employed in all schools
C. recommends breakfast programs in all schools
D. established a committee to investigate the health and wellbeing of children
A. establised a global school health initiative
In 1995 the World Health Organization established a global school health initiative to promote and support the health and wellbeing of children. The Health Promoting Schools initiative is a program that strives to develop the capacity of schools as a healthy setting for living, learning and working, with a focus on caring for oneself and others.
Targeting people to change their behaviour can have the downside of:
A. blaming the victim
B. diverting funding from other health programs
C. not being universally accessible
D. powerful political lobbies taking over
A. blaming the victim
Strategies that target an individual’s health behaviour, such as health education and social marketing, have the potential to lead to ‘victim blaming’ should the person not alter their behaviour following the intervention. Attributing responsibility for the health problem solely to the individual overlooks the social and external forces that also contribute to the continuation of the behaviour and stigmatises the individual whose health problems are deemed to be their own fault.
One problem for those doing population-based interventions is:
A. they can take decades to show any effect
B. they require acceptance by the population
C. one approach may not be suitable for all people – everybody is different
D. they are very expensive
A. they can take decades to show any effect
The lead time for demonstrating the effectiveness of population-focused interventions is long – often decades.
Early intervention is an example of _________ intervention.
A. primary
B. secondary
C. tertiary
D. none of the above
B. secondary
In addition to treating illness and health problems, a further goal of secondary prevention is early intervention.
Recovery is an example of __________ intervention.
A. primary
B. secondary
C. tertiary
D. none of the above
C. tertiary
Recovery, which is a goal of tertiary prevention, is a concept that evolved as part of the reform of mental health services that has occurred in Western countries over recent decades. A recovery approach has subsequently become an integral component of mental health clinical practice (Rickwood 2006).
A key to the Flinders model of chronic disease management is:
A. self-management
B. collaboration between health professionals and clients
C. individualised care plans
D. all the above
D. all the above
‘The Flinders model’ of chronic disease self-management was developed by health professionals and researchers at Flinders University, Adelaide. The model is underpinned by cognitive behavioural therapy principles. It utilises a partnership approach in which the health professional and client collaborate on problem identification, goal setting and the development of an individualised care plan.
A population approach to healthcare sees health as being primarily the responsibility of:
A. the family
B. the individual
C. wider society
D. governments
C. wider society
The shift from an individual to a societal and population focus precipitated a change in perceptions of responsibility for health away from the individual to wider society and the environments in which people live.
The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion is an example of a(n) ___________ intervention.
A. upstream
B. midstream
C. downstream
D. none of the above
A. upstream
Theories and models for health promotion offer opportunities for intervention at three levels, namely the level of the individual, the community and at a population level. These are also referred to as downstream (individual), midstream (community) and upstream (population) level.
Psychosocial models of health such as the primary health care model operates at what level of intervention?
A. Primary intervention
B. Secondary intervention
C. Tertiary intervention
D. All the above
D. All the above
Psychosocial models, including primary health care, operate at all three levels.
Screening pre-school aged children for vision and hearing problems is an example of _____ prevention/_____ intervention.
A. primary; downstream
B. secondary; upstream
C. primary; midstream
D. secondary; downstream
C. primary; midstream
Primary prevention aims to identify health issues in vulnerable individuals and groups with the purpose of promoting wellbeing, preventing illness or providing early intervention. Health screening is a midstream intervention that identifies ‘at risk’ individuals before the health problem is evident.
Health professionals caring people with chronic illness mostly work in _____ intervention.
A. primary
B. secondary
C. tertiary
D. all the above
C. tertiary
Tertiary prevention is also a downstream approach and is implemented when the disease cannot be cured or the illness process is prolonged. Its aim is to assist individuals (and their family and careers) to cope with a change in their health status, to limit disability from the health problem and to promote health and quality of life.
Health promotion needs to be:
A. intersectoral
B. interdisciplinary
C. flexible
D. all the above
D. all the above
Health promotion is delivered through interdisciplinary and intersectoral activities that are influenced and driven by the underlying values, theories and research findings of the relevant discipline. Interventions, therefore, vary enormously.
Educating people about health improves their health.
A. True
B. False
B. False
While health education is a common approach to health promotion it is also one of the most problematic because educating individuals about what they should do does not address the social and economic environments in which they live and that shape their behaviour.
